Delhi Sultanate Administration and History

During the Sultanate period, the finance policy followed the Hanifi school of Islamic law, which was the most flexible and practical for governance. Shariyat is general Islamic law, Jabavit isn't a recognized term in this context, making Hanifi the correct answer.

Diwan-i-Istihikaq was the department responsible for managing pensions and other benefits for retired government personnel. This was part of the Sultanate's administrative welfare system.

Jazia was a tax on non-Muslims, but certain categories were exempt - children, women, beggars, monks, and the disabled. Therefore 'All of the above' is correct as all these groups were exempt.

Feroz Tughlaq (1351-1388) was the first Sultanate ruler to levy an irrigation tax, taking 1/5 (20%) of agricultural production. This was part of his agricultural and infrastructure development policies.

Jazia was a tax specifically levied on non-Muslims (dhimmis) in Islamic states. Zakat, Khams, and Khiraj were religious taxes paid by Muslims or land taxes that could apply to anyone regardless of religion.

Alauddin Khalji introduced maximum central bureaucracy interference in the Iqta system as part of his administrative reforms to centralize control and prevent rebellion by his nobles. He brought the Iqta system under strict state control.

Balban established Diwan-i-waqf as the department responsible for managing state endowments and charitable properties. This was part of his administrative reforms to strengthen the Delhi Sultanate's bureaucratic structure.

Waqil-i-Dar was the official in charge of managing the Sultan's personal services and household affairs. This position was crucial for maintaining the day-to-day functioning of the royal household.

Amire-i-Hajib was the master of ceremonies responsible for introducing and maintaining court etiquettes and protocol. This officer ensured proper conduct during royal proceedings and audiences.

Deewan-i-Arnir Kohi was related to agriculture and land revenue, not general welfare. The term refers to agrarian affairs, making the match with 'Welfare officer' incorrect. The other pairs are correctly matched with their respective functions.

Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq was the first Delhi Sultan to establish a factory (karkhana) for clothes production. This initiative was part of his broader economic reforms and attempts to boost local manufacturing.

Mutsharrif was the highest officer in charge of factories (karkhanas) during the Delhi Sultanate period. This position was responsible for overseeing production, inventory, and management of state manufacturing units.

Qalb-i-Sultani literally means 'heart of the Sultan' and referred to a special select force or directly controlled troops, not regular soldiers, elephants, or cavalry. The term indicates elite status rather than a specific military branch.

Hashm-i-Atraf was the name given to the provincial army under Iltutmish. This term referred to the regular provincial military forces as opposed to the central army (Qalb-i-Sultani) or specific units like Bandagan-i-Khan.

The Khilafat Movement started in 1919 as a response to the threat to the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I. It was launched by Indian Muslim leaders to protest against the British treatment of Turkey.

Mubarak Shah Khalzi adopted the titles of Kalifa-i-Kabul Alimin (Caliph of the Learned World) and Amirul Mominin (Commander of the Faithful), claiming religious authority beyond just political sovereignty.

The department of Waqil-i-Sultan was established by Mahmud Tughlaq. This position served as a high-ranking administrative office responsible for important state affairs and directly representing the Sultan's authority.

When Caliph's investiture was solicited, the Delhi Sultan had to accept the condition of being the Naib (deputy/representative) of the Caliph. This acknowledged the Caliph's theoretical supremacy while allowing the Sultan to exercise actual power.

Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq attempted to issue coins without the Caliph's name as a symbol of independent authority, but faced strong opposition from the orthodox Ulemas and nobility who viewed this as against Islamic tradition. He was forced to restore the Caliph's name to maintain political and religious legitimacy.

Sawar-i-Bargustwani refers to the cavalry (horsemen) in the Delhi Sultanate army. The term specifically denotes the mounted soldiers who formed a crucial part of the military force, providing mobility and striking power in battle.

Halaku Khan (Hulagu Khan), grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Ilkhanate, sacked Baghdad in 1258 and executed Caliph Al-Musta'sim. This marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad and was a major turning point in Islamic history.

The Sultan was the supreme authority in the Delhi Sultanate, holding absolute power over military, civil, judicial, and religious matters. While the Wazir was the most important administrative official, all authority derived from the Sultan who could appoint or dismiss anyone.

Alauddin Khilji adopted the title 'Nasir-i-Amir ul Mominin' (Helper of the Commander of the Faithful), positioning himself as a defender and supporter of the Islamic Caliphate while maintaining practical independence. This title enhanced his religious legitimacy.