General Awareness

J.B. Say propounded the 'Market Law' (Say's Law of Markets), stating that supply creates its own demand. Adam Smith is known for 'Wealth of Nations', Malthus for population theory, and Ricardo for comparative advantage.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875, which later became Aligarh Muslim University. Md. Ali Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, and Saukat Ali were later leaders of the Muslim League but not founders of this college.

In India, population density is calculated as the number of persons per square kilometre, following international standards. Square miles or lakh units are not the standard metric used in Indian census data.

Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born at Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib in Pakistan). Gurdaspur and Amritsar are major Sikh cities but not his birthplace. Lahore is a major city in Punjab but not his birthplace.

The Kohinoor diamond was mined from the Kollur Mine in the Golconda region (present-day Andhra Pradesh). Golconda was famous for its diamond mines in medieval India and produced several legendary diamonds including the Kohinoor. The other options (Orissa, Chhota Nagpur, Bijapur) were not significant diamond mining regions in historical records.

Tropical grasslands are correctly called savannas. While the spelling in option C has a minor typo ('Savanah' instead of 'Savanna'), this is still the correct answer among the choices. Pampas are temperate grasslands in South America, Llanos (not 'Llanas') are tropical grasslands but more specific to Colombia/Venezuela, and Veld refers to temperate grasslands in South Africa.

The United Kingdom has an uncodified (unwritten) constitution, meaning it's not contained in a single document but consists of statutes, court judgments, treaties, and constitutional conventions accumulated over centuries. In contrast, the USA, India, and Pakistan all have written constitutions that establish the framework of government.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad wrote 'India Wins Freedom', which is his autobiography and political memoir published posthumously in 1959. The book covers his perspectives on India's freedom movement and partition. Azad was a prominent freedom fighter, scholar, and India's first Minister of Education. The other options were important figures but not authors of this specific work.

Demand deposits are bank deposits that can be withdrawn on demand without any prior notice or penalty. These include checking accounts and current accounts where account holders can withdraw funds anytime through checks, ATMs, or electronic transfers. In contrast, fixed deposits (term deposits) lock funds for a specified period, while 'account payee' and 'variable deposits' are not standard banking terminology for withdrawal categories.

A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Examples include the Palk Strait (connects Bay of Bengal to Indian Ocean) and the Bering Strait (connects Pacific to Arctic). A bay is a waterbody partially enclosed by land, a peninsula is a landmass surrounded by water on three sides, and an isthmus (misspelled as 'Isthamus' in the option) is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas.

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). It uses diodes or other semiconductor components to allow current flow in only one direction. A transformer changes voltage levels but maintains AC, a motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, and a dynamo generates DC power mechanically but isn't primarily a conversion device from AC to DC.

This appears to be a specific factual question about a power project in Andhra Pradesh. Reliance Power (Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group) did bid for and win the 4,000 MW (likely '4 thousand mega' refers to 4000 MW) Krishnapattanam ultra-mega power project based on lowest tariff. This is temporally specific information about a particular project and company.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam wrote 'Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life', which is indeed one of his books. The other options - 'Developing India', 'Science in Today's India', and 'Defence Set up in India' - are not actual books written by Abdul Kalam. His more famous works include 'Wings of Fire', 'India 2020', 'Ignited Minds', and 'Target 3 Billion'. The question tests specific book knowledge.

Raja Ravi Varma, the renowned 19th-century Indian painter from Kerala, painted the masterpiece 'Hamsa Damayanti'. This painting depicts the scene from the Mahabharata where the swan (hamsa) carries messages between Damayanti and Nala. Ravi Varma is famous for his paintings of Indian epics and mythology. The other artists listed are also important Indian painters but not associated with this specific masterpiece.

The Cabinet Secretary is the senior-most civil servant in the Government of India, heading the Cabinet Secretariat. The Attorney-General is a legal officer, not a civil servant. Home Secretary and Principal Secretary are senior positions but below Cabinet Secretary.

Unto This Last is an essay by John Ruskin that deeply influenced Gandhis economic philosophy, particularly his ideas on sarvodaya (welfare of all). Ruskin Bond is a different writer - a contemporary Indian author.

During saponification, glycerol is released as a byproduct when fats or oils react with alkali. Caustic soda and caustic potash are reactants consumed in the process, not byproducts. Naphthalene is unrelated to soap manufacturing.

The Moon has an extremely thin atmosphere, so there is almost no Rayleigh scattering to create a blue sky like on Earth. The sky appears dark/ black even during daytime due to this lack of atmospheric scattering.

Copper is the standard material for lightning conductors due to its excellent electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion. While aluminum is conductive, copper offers better performance and longevity for this specific application.

Andhra Pradesh implemented this 1% cess on construction activity to fund health insurance and security measures for workers in the unorganized sector. This was a specific state government initiative for social welfare.

The 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012) targeted 4% annual growth for agriculture and 9-11% for industry and services combined. This reflected the need for balanced sectoral growth while accelerating overall economic expansion.

Alum (aluminum sulfate) is used as a coagulant in water treatment - it neutralizes charges on suspended particles, causing them to clump together and settle out. Common salt does not cause coagulation, while bleaching powder is for disinfection.

Rayon is a semi-synthetic fiber made from regenerated cellulose, typically derived from wood pulp. The cellulose is chemically treated and extruded into fibers. Unlike synthetic fibers, rayon is not petroleum-based.