Improvement in Food Resources Scan Test - 2

Reason: Oysters are cultivated for the pearls they make. Oysters have long been valued for the precious pearls that develop in them. Some oysters are also eaten as food. But shell and teeth are not useful in them. 

Reason: <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Leghorn is an exotic or foreign poultry breed.<o:p>
Aseel is indigenous (Indian) breed of poultry.<o:p>
Mrigal is cultured mainly as a component of composite fish culture (The practice of growing four to five fish species in a single fish pond is known as composite fish culture). It is a bottom dweller. <o:p>Friesian is an exotic or foreign cow breed. 

Reason: Mussels and oysters thrive in marine (in sea) water habitat.
Inland fisheries include freshwater resources like canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers. <o:p>Brackish water resources are the ones where sea-water and fresh water mix together such as estuaries and lagoons.

 Reason: Broilers are raised for the production of meat. Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat. Therefore, improved poultry breeds are developed and farmed to produce layers (hens that lay eggs) for eggs and broilers for meat. Care is taken to avoid mortality and to maintain feathering and carcass quality.

Reason: Aseel is an indigenous poultry breed. Indigenous means local breed or of native land. Aseel is Indian breed while foreign or exotic breed of poultry is <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Leghorn.<o:p>
<st1:place w:st="on">Jersey is an exotic or foreign breed of cattle (cow)<o:p>Rohu is a freshwater fish. It inhabits ponds. 

Reason: In poultry shelters, there should be proper cleaning, sanitation and spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals. Thus, accumulation of excreta is not the requirement of poultry shelter as it may increase the risk of occurrence of many viral, bacterial and fungal diseases among the fowl. Adequate lighting and proper ventilation are also required in poultry shelters so that the chickens have proper light to see by and to find feed and water. Light periods are accompanied by dark periods each day to allow them to take proper rest. 

Reason: The practice of culturing marine fish stock is known as mariculture.<o:p>
Apiculture is the practice of rearing and breeding bees.<o:p>
Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms such as fishes and aquatic plants. It is also called aqua farming. <o:p>Hydroculture is growing of plants in a media that allows the distribution of water and nutrients through capillary action. Clay can be used to anchor plants. It generally involves growth of plants without the use of soil.

Reason: Peneaus monodon is a type of marine (in sea) prawn.<o:p>
Inland fisheries include freshwater resources like canals, ponds, reservoirs and rivers. <o:p>Brackish water resources are the ones where sea-water and fresh water mix together such as estuaries and lagoons. 

Maintenance requirement which is the food required to support the animal to live a healthy life.
(b) Milk producing requirement which is the type of food required during the lactation period.
Lactation period describes the secretion of milk and the process of providing it to the young ones. 

Reason: A high maintenance requirement is not a desired trait for raising new variety of poultry breeds.<o:p>
The cross breeding programmes between Indian (indigenous breed like Aseel) and foreign (leghorn) breeds for variety improvement are focused on developing new varieties for the following desired traits:<o:p>
- Number and quality of chicks<o:p>
- Dwarf broiler parents for commercial chick production<o:p>
- Summer adaptation capacity/tolerance to high temperature<o:p>
- Low maintenance requirements
<o:p>
- Reduction in the size of egg laying birds with ability to utilize more fibrous and cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products

Reason: Marine fisheries include deep seas and coastline. In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India, it includes 7500 km coastline and the deep seas beyond it. Popular marine fish varieties include pomphret, tuna and sardine, while freshwater fishes inhabit rivers and lakes. For example, catla is a freshwater fish.
<o:p>

Reason: Estuaries and lagoons are types of brackish water resources.<o:p>
Brackish water resources are those where sea-water and fresh water mix together. These resources serve important fish reservoirs. <o:p>Marine fisheries include deep seas and coastline while freshwater fishes inhabit rivers and lakes e.g. Catla is a freshwater fish. 

Reason: The practice of growing four to five fish species in a single fish pond is known as composite fish culture.
In such systems, these species are selected so that there does not exist any competition for food among them having different types of food habits. E.g. catlas are surface feeders, rohus feed in the middle zone of the pond, mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders and grass carps feed on the weeds. These species when together, can use all the food in the pond without competing with one another. This increases the fish yield from the pond.

Reason: Concentrates are the foods which are low in fibre and contain high levels of proteins and other nutrients like carbohydrates and minerals.<o:p>
In general, animal feed includes: (a) roughage which is largely fibre, and (b) concentrates which are low in fibre and contain relatively high levels of proteins and other nutrients. <o:p>Cattle need balanced rations containing all nutrients in proportionate amounts. Micronutrients are also needed for growth and they promote the health and milk output of dairy animals. Micronutrients are the nutrients needed in small quantities. These include dietary minerals needed by the body e.g. iron, cobalt, chromium etc. while macronutrients are required in large quantities e.g. carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats supply 90% of the dry weight of the diet and 100% of its energy. 

Thus, option (A) is correct. <o:p>Proper cleaning and shelter facilities for cows and buffaloes are required for humane farming, for the health of the animals and for the production of clean milk as well. It has no relation with the food requirements. Farm animals require proper care and management such as shelter, feeding, breeding and disease control. This is called animal husbandry. 

Reason: Roughage includes fibrous food.<o:p>
Roughage is the indigestible portion of foods. It has many functions in the animal body. For e.g. it adds bulk to the stool. It also speeds the passage of foods through the digestive system.<o:p>
Roughage does not provide any energy to the body. So, it is not nutritious. Therefore; option (A) is not the answer. <o:p>
Animal feed includes: (a) roughage which is largely fibre, and (b) concentrates which are low in fibre and contain relatively high levels of proteins and other nutrients.<o:p>Therefore, (C) and (D) form the part of concentrates and not fibres. 

Reason: The practice of growing four to five fish species in a single fish pond is known as composite fish culture. In such systems, these species are selected so that there does not exist any competition for food among them as they possess different types of food habits. E.g. catlas are surface feeders, rohus feed in the middle zone of the pond, mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders and grass carps feed on the weeds. These species when together can use all the food in the pond without competing with one another. This increases the fish yield from the pond. Thus option (C) and (D) are incorrect as both are advantages of composite fish culture. <o:p>
One problem with such composite fish culture is that many of these fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from the wild, it can be mixed with that of other species as well. So, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good quality seed (i.e. option B). To overcome this problem, ways have been worked out to breed these fishes in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed with desired quantities. <o:p>Weeds are the unwanted plants which compete for nutrients with the main crop. So, option (A) is incorrect with respect to the disadvantage of composite fish culture. 

Reason: Additive feed of cattle includes micronutrients which promote the health and milk output of dairy animals.<o:p>
Micronutrients are the nutrients needed in small quantities. These include antibiotics, hormones, dietary minerals e.g. iron, cobalt, chromium etc.  needed by body while macronutrients are required in large quantities e.g. carbohydrates, proteins and fats.<o:p>
Fibres are the indigestible part of foods which add bulk to the diet and speed up the passage of foods through the digestive tract.<o:p>
Macronutrients are required in large quantities e.g. carbohydrates, proteins and fats. <o:p>Concentrates are the foods which are low in fibre and contain relatively high levels of protein and other nutrients like carbohydrates and minerals. 

Reason: Catlas serve as surface feeders in a composite fish culture. <o:p>The practice of growing four to five fish species in a single fish pond is known as composite fish culture. In such systems, these species are selected so that there does not exist any competition for food among them having different types of food habits, e.g. catlas are surface feeders, rohus feed in the middle zone of the pond, mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders, and grass carps feed on the weeds. These species, when together, can use all the food in the pond without competing with one another. This increases the fish yield from the pond. 

 Reason: The practice of growing four to five fish species in a single fish pond is known as composite fish culture. In such systems, these species are selected so that there does not exist any competition for food among them having different types of food habits. E.g. catlas are surface feeders, rohus feed in the middle zone of the pond, mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders and grass carps feed on the weeds. These species when together can use all the food in the pond without competing with one another. This increases the fish yield from the pond. One problem with such composite fish culture is that many of these fish breed only during monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from the wild, it can be mixed with that of other species as well. So, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good quality seed. To overcome this problem, ways have been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities.
Change in food habits will not work as already the fishes selected for composite farming have different food habits. Therefore, improving their feed will also not help in getting pure fish seed. <o:p>Satellites and echo-sounders are used to locate large school of fish in the open sea.