Human Physiology Test

Stem cells are specialised cells which are capable of cell division to replace dead cells. In the gastrointestinal tract, these cells are essential to replenish the surface epithelium.

The cholera pathogen destroys the intestinal epithelium, leading to loss of body fluid across the mucosa, copious diarrhea, massive dehydration, and death within a few days. However, if patients can be kept hydrated for those few days, epithelial replacement by stem cell division will restore normal function.

Chief cells are present in the stomach. They secrete digestive enzymes, like pepsins of the stomach and appear like serous-secretory epithelial cells.

Oligodendroglia have comparitively few processes. They form myelin in the CNS and hence are responsible for normal propagation of action potentials.

Granule cells are intrinsic neurons. They are very small and numerous, like grains of sand.

Signals in a neural circuit travel in only one direction, i.e. information flows from dendrites of a given nerve cell to the cell body. Then, along the axon to the presynaptic terminals and then across the synaptic cleft to the dendrites of the next cell, and so on.

Microglia are the least numerous and smallest cells present in the brain, but still play a vital role in injury repair and cell debris and waste removal. If an injury occurs, these cells assembled around the injured cells to destroy the dead or dying cell.

Spleen is an organ in which lymphoid tissue and blood are inter-mixed. Here the lymphocytes proliferate, and the worn-out red blood cells are recycled.

The vagina provides an interpretive contrast with oesophagus. The vagina and oesophagus are both tubular organs with a mucosa lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Hence, these two organs appear superficially similar.

Each end of a cardiac muscle cell may link to two or more other cells, so that the fibrous structure of cardiac muscle seems to be branched unlike skeletal muscle, where each fibre is a single and discrete unit .

Each seminiferous tubule is enclosed by a thin layer of contractile myoid cells, which produce waves of contraction to propel immature and immotile spermatozoa out of the testis.

Spermatids are the product of the final meiotic division. They undergo an elaborate process of maturation,  i.e. spermiogenesis to become spermatozoa.

It is one of a pair of sponge-like areas of erectile tissue, which holds most of the blood during clitoral erection.

After the first trimester of pregnancy, or if pregnancy does not ensue, the corpus luteum deteriorates into a fibrous scar called a corpus albicans.

The round ligament affirms the uterus and stretches during pregnancy. It connects the front portion of the uterus to the groin.

Myometrium is the smooth muscle forming the middle wall of the uterus. Its induces uterine contractions.

These glands lie at the anterior wall of the vagina. These glands are the source of female ejaculation.

The ampulla is the second portion of the uterine tube. It is an intermediate dilated portion of the ovary. It is the most dominant site of human fertilization.

Vaginal fornix is an annular recess around the outside of the cervix.

Vaginal cytology is the cyclic changes in the exfoliated epithelial cells of the vaginal mucosa occurring synchronously with the stages of the estrous cycle. It is a useful aid in determining the most appropriate time to mate a bitch.

Vaginal smear is the examination of the cells in a smear. It is used as an aid in predicting the time of ovulation, which may be useful in selecting the optimal date for breeding.

Hippocampal fornix is a thick bundle of nerve fibers leaving the hippocampus to enter the hypothalamus, terminating in the mammillary body.

The uterine horns are the areas where the uterus and the fallopian tubes meet. It is also the site of attachment for the round ligament of uterus.

The cremaster covers the testis. It displaces the testes in order to regulate the temperature of the testes and promote spermatogenesis.

It is a vestigial structure associated with the ovary. It originates from the cranial mesonephric tubules.