Human Anatomy and Biology

Syndesmology is defined as the study of the structure, function and diseases of the joints present in the human body.

Kyphosis is defined as a forward curvature of the vertebrae in the upper back area giving the child an abnormally rounded or humpback.

This muscle is present in the hand and functions as an abductor of the thumb. It regulates the opposition and extension of the thumb.

Here the length of muscle remains the same, e.g. holding an object up without moving it. The muscular force approximately matches the load and thus no movement results.

Osteoblast is a large cell authoritative for the formation and mineralization of bone during both initial bone formation and bone remodeling.

Conjugate eye movements are those that preserve the angular relationship between the right and left eyes.
For example, when you move both eyes left and then right, a conjugate movement is made. Up and down movements and combinations of vertical and lateral movements also fall into the conjugate category.

Lateral rectus is the ocular muscle, which contracts and revolves the eyeball outward. It brings the pupil away from the midline of the body.

It is a paired muscle lying at the lower end of the chin. It causes protrusion of the lower lip and elevates the skin of the chin. As the lower lip is raised, it results in elevation and wrinkling of the skin of chin.

Levator anguli oris is a deeply placed oral muscle originating from the maxilla that elevates the corner of the mouth. It aids in non-verbal communication as it helps the face in forming a well known expression, the smile.

This bone lies between the rib cage and the shoulder blade in the body connecting the arm to the body. It is the most commonly broken bone in the body probably due to its location just beneath the skin and the forces it is subjected to in connecting the arm to the body.

This muscle surrounds the whole mouth. It is situated between the skin and the mucous membranes of the lips, stretching upward to the nose and down to the part between both the lips and chin. It is also called the kissing muscle of the body.

This bone is not present in the wrist but is in the skull separating the nasal cavity from the brain.

These bones frequently have modified shaft or ends and lacks medullary cavity. The most prominent examples are clavicle and body of vertebrae.

These bones are characterised by more fibers in them. In humans, they are found only in developing embryo.

These bones ossify partly from cartilage and partly from mesenchymal concentrations. The most prominent examples are clavicle, mandible, occipital, temporal and sphenoid, etc.

Amniocentesis is done after the 15^th week of pregnancy to see if their developing baby has a chromosome disorder such as Down's syndrome.

It is a small bone found in the human foot as well as a horse's hoof. It can cause severe lameness in both humans as well as horses.

Since only a sample of the blood of mother is drawn in this procedure, there is no risk to her unborn child.

This method is used to draw out a sample of chorion tissue for cell culturing. As in amniocentesis, ultrasound monitoring helps to prevent damage to the unborn child during the sampling procedure.

As per this theory, ageing is the by-product of metabolism. Thus, greater is the organism's rate of metabolism, shorter is its life span and vice versa.

It is a tiny polypeptide plant hormone functioning as a long-distance alarm to activate chemical defenses against herbivores. It stimulates the production of protein defense compound called protease inhibitors.

These hormones are present in the fumes of burning plants material and have potential to stimulate the germination of seeds.

As per this theory, damage to mechanisms synthesise proteins resulting in faulty proteins, which assemble to a level that causes catastrophic damage to cells, tissues, and organs.

These bones are in the form of nodules inserted in tendons and joint capsules. The most common examples are patella, pisiform and fabella.