Computer Basics

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), completed in 1945, was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It used vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) as its primary electronic component, which characterizes first-generation computers (1940s-1950s).

IBM 700 is a second generation computer.

NCR 395 was a third-generation computer that used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of discrete transistors. Third-generation computers (1960s-1970s) were characterized by the use of ICs, which made them smaller, more reliable, and more efficient than their second-generation transistor-based predecessors.

To convert binary 11 to decimal: 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 2 + 1 = 3. The leftmost digit represents the 2s place, and the rightmost digit represents the 1s place.

To convert binary 111 to decimal: 1×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7. Each position from left to right represents 4, 2, and 1 respectively, and when all three are 1, they sum to 7.

LISP (List Processing) is a high-level programming language designed for symbolic computation and list manipulation. Its name directly reflects its core functionality - processing lists as the primary data structure.

PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic) is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Its name directly indicates that it uses logic (declarative programming) rather than procedural imperative commands.

To convert binary 1010 to decimal: 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ + 0×2⁰ = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 10. The positions from left to right represent 8, 4, 2, and 1, and only the 8 and 2 positions have 1s.

To find which binary equals 9, we test: 1001 = 1×2³ + 0×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 9. This is the correct representation.

To find which binary equals 6, we test: 110 = 1×2² + 1×2¹ + 0×2⁰ = 4 + 2 + 0 = 6. This is the correct representation using the 4 and 2 positions.

INTERNET stands for International Network - it's a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the TCP/IP suite. 'Indian International Network' and 'Idea International Network' are incorrect expansions.

C language was developed at Bell laboratories.

FORTRAN (Formula Translation) is a high-level programming language developed for scientific and numerical computing. ASCII is a character encoding standard, and BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) is a numeric encoding method - neither are programming languages.

BASIC was developed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College in 1964. While only Kemeny is listed, he was indeed one of the two co-developers. Charles Babbage was a 19th-century computer pioneer, and John Keats was a poet.

Unix is a multitasking, multi-user operating system developed at Bell Labs. FORTRAN and COBOL are both high-level programming languages, not operating systems.

DOS stands for Disk Operating System. It was the most common operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers in the 1980s and early 1990s. 'Disc Oracle system' and 'Dual Operating System' are incorrect.

In binary logic, NOT is a logical operator that inverts the value. NOT 1 equals 0, just as NOT 0 equals 1. This is the fundamental NOT operation in Boolean algebra and digital electronics.

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a computer network. 'Fax Transfer Protocol' and 'Frequency Transfer Protocol' are incorrect.

In binary logic, NOT is a logical operator that inverts the value. NOT 0 equals 1, just as NOT 1 equals 0. This is the fundamental NOT operation in Boolean algebra and digital electronics.

Debugging is the process of identifying and removing errors from computer software or hardware. The term originated from actual insects (bugs) causing problems in early electromechanical computers. It doesn't mean improving languages or removing viruses specifically.

AND, OR, and NOR are standard binary logic gates that operate on two inputs. TNOR is not a recognized binary operation in digital logic or Boolean algebra - it appears to be a fabricated term.

Operating System was used for the first time in third generation.

Hotwired.com (the website of Wired magazine) was the first site to display a banner ad in 1994. The ad was for AT&T and had the slogan 'Have you ever clicked your mouse right here? You will.' Google, Adbrite, and Infolinks came later.

Norton is antivirus software developed by Symantec (now NortonLifeLock). It's designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software (malware), not create viruses. It's not a programming language.

Niklaus Wirth, a Swiss computer scientist, developed the Pascal programming language in 1970. Pascal was designed as a language for teaching structured programming and data structures. George Booler is not a known computer scientist, Charles Babbage was a 19th-century pioneer, and 'None of these' is incorrect.

NIC stands for Network Information Centre, which is an organization that manages domain name registrations and provides information about network resources. The other options have spelling errors or incorrect terms. Network Information Centres are crucial for internet infrastructure management.

Email has historically been the most widely used internet activity, serving as a fundamental communication tool for personal and business purposes. While gaming, chatting, and shopping are popular, email remains the most ubiquitous internet application globally.