Renal Physiology and Clinical Nephrology
Comprehensive quiz covering renal physiology including glomerular filtration, tubular transport, acid-base balance, electrolyte regulation, and clinical aspects of renal disease assessment and diagnosis.
Questions
Which among the following is an example of negative feedback system?
- Lactation
- Sweating
- Childbirth
- Blood clotting
- Lac operon in e. coli
Which of the following statements is true regarding sodium ions absorption in the kidneys?
- The concentration of sodium ions is generally higher inside the cells than outside .
- The amount of sodium in the initial filtrate is much less than that in the plasma.
- Most sodium is reabsorbed in the distal tubule.
- There is no active transport of sodium.
- The diuretic drug furosemide blocks the Na-K-2Cl channel in the loop of Henle.
After the investigation, doctor told Amit that he was suffering from renal artery stenosis. Which of the following tests must have been done by the doctor?
- Ultrasound scanning
- Measurement of the creatinine clearance
- Measurement of protein loss in the urine
- Renal angiography
- Renal biopsy
Potassium secretion occurs only in______________.
- principal cells of the collecting duct
- glomerulus
- loop of Henle
- the intercalated cells of collecting duct
- proximal tubule
Regarding the clinical assessment of patients with suspected renal disease, which of the following statements is true?
- Peripheral edema suggests volume depletion.
- Bruits heard over the renal arteries suggest renal artery stenosis.
- Dipstick testing of urine is an ineffective technique.
- Measuring blood pressure is unnecessary.
- A drug history can be safely omitted.
Which of the following statements is true regarding potassium ion in the kidneys?
- Potassium is the major extracellular ion.
- Within cells, the concentration of potassium is lower than that of sodium.
- Potassium excretion is regulated by altering potassium secretion.
- The 3Na+/2K+ ATPase pumps potassium out of cells.
- Specialised cells have potassium channels.
Which of the following transporter molecules exchanges sodium for hydrogen ions in the proximal tubule of the kidneys?
- Na-K--2Cl
- ROMK
- 3Na+/2K+ ATPase
- NHE 3
- ENaC
Which of the following statements is true regarding acid base regulation in the body?
- Overall human metabolism results in acid production .
- Buffers present in kidneys must be strong acids or bases.
- Carbon dioxide directly raises the pH of body fluids.
- The pH of a buffer solution is always 7.
- A rise in the plasma level of bicarbonate ions lowers the pH of plasma.
Which of the following statements does not characterise the renal tubules?
- The major changes in tubular fluid composition are fabricated in the distal tubules.
- The proximal tubules consequentially keeps the concentration of urine same.
- A part of the loop of Henle is permeable to water.
- Vasa recta are the only blood supply to renal medulla of the kidneys.
- The walls of the tubules are made up of epithelial cells.
Considering the glomerular filtration, which among the following statements is true?
- The main site of glomerular filtration is the loop of Henle.
- Bowman's capsule surrounds the perinephric fat.
- The filtration barrier accomodates two layers of cells.
- Constriction of the afferent arterioles enhances filtration.
- Glomerular filtration of molecules is independent of their size and charge.
Which of the following statements regarding human kidney is INCORRECT?
- If a substance is neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the tubules, the amount filtered in the glomeruli is equal to the amount excreted in the urine.
- In severe untreated renal failure, plasma creatinine levels fall.
- Nuclear imaging can provide information about renal blood flow and function.
- Normal urine does not contain free myoglobin.
- Bleeding is a potential complication of renal biopsy.
Which of the following statements concerning renal development is INCORRECT?
- There are three kidney structures that are formed at different times during development.
- The final adult kidney originates from the pronephros.
- The ureteric bud leads to the formation of draining system.
- The capillaries invaginate the tubules to form glomeruli.
- The final adult kidney rises up the body during normal development.
Which of the following statements characterises the transport processes in the tubules of the kidney?
- Water molecules can be pumped directly by active transport.
- Active transport can implant a concentration gradient.
- Counter transport of oppositely charged molecules regulates electroneutrality.
- Water translocates by osmosis from a region of high osmolality to a region of low osmolality.
- Active transport can invalidate an electrical gradient.
Regarding the developmental anomalies of the renal system, which of the following statements is correct?
- The failure of the development of ureteric bud causes hypospadias.
- Horseshoe kidneys are formed when the pronephros fails to regress.
- Adult kidneys can have only one renal artery.
- Early splitting of the ureteric bud can result in one kidney having two ureters.
- The ureteric bud forms the glans penis.
Loin is the area from the last rib to the wings of the pelvis. Since last few weeks Arjun is feeling pain in the loin. It may be an indication of _____________.
- glomerulonephritis
- urinary tract infection
- prostatic enlargement
- chronic renal impairment
- urinary tract stones