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Human Biological Variation and Genetics

Tests knowledge of human blood types, genetic inheritance patterns, models of human variation, and evolutionary processes affecting biological traits.

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Questions

Question 1 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

If someone says that his or her blood is B+, this refers to the

  1. ABO type
  2. Rh type
  3. ABO and Rh types
  4. Any of the above
Question 2 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Select the CORRECT statement regarding the worldwide frequency distribution of the different ABO blood types.

  1. It is much composite, having both clinal and discontinuous patterns.
  2. It follows latitude lines suggesting that climate plays a significant role for determining the above trait.
  3. It is predictable, with each continent having its own unique type among the inherent populations.
  4. The people of each continent have their own distinct blood type.
Question 3 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The blood types of an individual are

  1. genetically inherited
  2. acquired after birth as a consequence of certain specific environmental factors
  3. genetically inherited but get changed after birth as a consequence of natural selection
  4. genetically inherited but determined by natural selection
Question 4 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which of the following statements is correct about the distribution patterns of human traits around the world?

  1. They only change as a consequence of natural selection.
  2. They have been continuously changing during the last few centuries.
  3. They have remained indispensably, the same for the last few centuries.
  4. They only change as a consequence of genetic drift.
Question 5 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Inherent populations accommodating people who have the Diego positive blood types can be found in _______________________ .

  1. Europe and Africa
  2. India and Australia
  3. Japan and South America
  4. All of the above
Question 6 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

  1. All genetically inherited characters have a clinal dissipation.
  2. Human biological races really exist.
  3. Of the three models of human variation, the clinal one comes closest to grabing the real nature of human variation.
  4. All genetically inherited characters have a typological distribution.
Question 7 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The clinal model of human variation signifies the fact that

  1. genetically inherited characters will slowly change in frequency among the people you encounter as you travel from one geographic area to another
  2. genetically inherited characters will abruptly change in frequency as you go from one population to another
  3. there lies no significant difference in the frequency of genetically inherited characters among the population of the world
  4. genetically inherited characters will drastically change in frequency among the people you encounter as you travel from one geographic area to another
Question 8 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

While using the typological race model, adding more distinguishing characters will ____________ the number of people who fit into the defined racial groups.

  1. increase
  2. decrease
  3. have no effect
  4. first increases then decreases
Question 9 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

  1. The worldwide distribution patterns for the ABO blood system signifies the typological model of human variation.
  2. Human blood can be unambiguously typed, i.e. there is no degree of difference.
  3. Mapping the distribution of blood types has proven to be insignificant tool for studying the nature of human variation.
  4. Human blood cannot be unambiguously typed.
Question 10 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Evolutionary processes that may change the frequency of genetically inherited characters in present human population, usually include

  1. natural selection
  2. social selection like discrimination in choosing a spouse
  3. migration
  4. all of the above
Question 11 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which of the following facts signifies the variation of population model of human?

  1. Each continent of the world is the home of a distinct race only.
  2. Mongoloids, Negroids, and Caucasoids are divergent species of people of today's world.
  3. If geographic and cultural obstructions to mating break down previously isolated populations will cease having distinct sets of physical traits setting them apart.
  4. Biologically distinct groups of individuals are those which had been gone through short breeding isolation.
Question 12 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Our own personal physical characteristics are the consequence of

  1. genetic inheritance
  2. certain environmental factors shaping our bodies as we grow from childhood to adulthood
  3. genetic inheritance primarily but with some shaping by environmental forces as we grow from childhood to adulthood
  4. random chance
Question 13 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the worldwide frequency distribution of blood types B and O?

  1. They very nicely overlap indicating that whatever factors have been selecting for type B have also been at work selecting for type O.
  2. Where type O is relatively high in frequency, type B is ultimately relatively low.
  3. They both are very alike to the distribution pattern of skin colour indicating that the same factors have been favoured for blood types and skin pigmentation.
  4. Where type B is relatively high in frequency, type O is relatively low.
Question 14 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In a couple, both the parents are carriers for a genetically inherited fatal recessive disease decide to become parents, what will be the odds that their children will also be carriers?

  1. 1 out of 4
  2. 2 out of 4
  3. 3 out of 4
  4. 4 out of 4
Question 15 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about human races as they are commonly defined in North America?

  1. They imitate social rather than biological realities.
  2. Physical traits (such as skin color) that we think of as characteristic of particular races are usually unique to them.
  3. Terms like Caucasoid and Negroid absolutely characterizes distinct biological races.
  4. They imitate biological realities.
Question 16 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In a couple, if a woman is homozygous normal (XX ) and her husband is heterozygous ( Xx) for a genetically inherited recessive disease, what is the probability that they will have a healthy offspring?

  1. 1 out of 4
  2. 2 out of 4
  3. 3 out of 4
  4. 4 out of 4
Question 17 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In a couple, if both mother & father are heterozygous (Xx) for a genetically inherited dominant defect, what is the feasibility that they will have a child together who has this trait in his or her phenotype?

  1. 25%
  2. 50%
  3. 75%
  4. 100%
Question 18 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

In a couple, if both mother & father are homozygous (xx) for a genetically inherited recessive defect, what is the probability that they will have a son or daughter who does not bear this defect?

  1. 0%
  2. 25%
  3. 50%
  4. 100%
Question 19 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

If there were a gene for complexion and the effect of that gene was altered by the inheritance of another gene, the latter gene would be referred to as

  1. sex-controlled gene
  2. modifying gene
  3. regulator gene
  4. split gene
Question 20 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Brett's syndrome is a rare form of mental retardation that can be more or less severe depending on the gender of the parent from whom it is inherited. This unusual kind of inheritance pattern is known as

  1. modifying gene
  2. genome imprinting
  3. incomplete penetrance
  4. codominance
Question 21 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The augmenting frequency of yellow-brown hair among Australian aborigines as one moves inland from the southwest coast of Australia is an example of

  1. random variation
  2. progressive gradation
  3. discontinuous distribution
  4. natural selection
Question 22 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

The isolated pockets of red-haired people in the British Isles is an example of discontinuous distribution. This distribution pattern is most likely the consequence of

  1. voyaging of red-haired people
  2. natural selection favouring red hair
  3. random mating
  4. random variation
Question 23 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

  1. With the exception of monozygotic twins, each of us is unique in terms of the combination of tens of thousands of genetically inherited peculiar qualities that we possess.
  2. Blackish skin is found only among Africans and people whose ancestors came from Africa in recent centuries.
  3. Non-African people with black skin colour posses a close common ancestry with Africans.
  4. The personal physical qualities of an individual are determined by the genetic inheritance.
Question 24 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

Which among the following statements is TRUE regarding human blood?

  1. This system is unique to our species.
  2. It is a common practise around the world for people to use blood types as criteria for selecting their spouse.
  3. Each individual can be categorised on the basis of a number of different blood typing systems.
  4. There are only two major blood group systems; the ABO and Rh systems.
Question 25 Multiple Choice (Single Answer)

What would a gene be called if it is inherited by both males and females, but expressed differently in the phenotype of a boy and a girl?

  1. Unstable
  2. Sex-controlled
  3. Recessive
  4. Structural
  5. Dominant
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