Blood and Circulatory System Biology

 Calcium is necesary for clotting of blood. 

 The nuclei of lymphocytes are usually round but may be slightly indented.

 Plasma is the liquid matrix of blood without corpuscles

 AB blood group has both antigens A and B but no antibodies

 Lymphocytes are kind of white blood cells that are important in immune system

 The total volume of blood in healthy individual is 5 litres

 Antigen antibody reactions were studied by Landsteiner

 Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes

  Abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood is polycyathemia

Serum albumin accounts for more than 50 percent of blood protein. It is produced in the liver and transports hormones, fatty acids and bilirubin throughout the body.

Platelets are produced in the bone marrow, the same as the red cells and most of the white blood cells. Platelets are produced from very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.

Antibodies are produced by specialised white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the surface of a B-cell, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone.

Oxygen is the gas which makes the most stable combination with RBC haemoglobin.

Thromboplastin is a plasma protein aiding blood coagulation through catalyzing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

Man is known as warm blooded because he responds to high heat in the form of a mechanism that dissipates heat and conserves heat during cold weather and thus, is capable of regulating his blood temperature.

The ratio of WBCs to RBCs is about 1 : 600 in man.

Normal parathyroid glands work like the thermostat in your home to keep blood calcium levels in a very tightly controlled range. When the blood calcium level is too low, PTH is released to bring the calcium level back up to normal. When the calcium level is normal or gets a little too high, normal parathyroids will stop releasing PTH.

 The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The function of the valve is to prevent back flow of blood into the right atrium.

 Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

ECG (Electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of the heart over time, specifically the potential difference (voltage changes) of the cardiac muscle. This is detected through electrodes placed on the skin. It does not directly record rate, volume, or diseases.

ECG is used to detect various cardiac conditions including heart attacks (myocardial infarction), heart blocks (conduction abnormalities), and coronary thrombosis (clot in coronary arteries). All of these conditions produce characteristic changes in the ECG pattern.

Eosinophilia is a condition in which the eosinophil count in the peripheral blood exceeds 4.5 × 108/L (450/μl). The most common causes are being some form of allergic reaction or parasitic infection.

An open circulatory system is a system in which a fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients.

The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains all organs of the thoracic cavity, except the lungs.