Biology Mixed Test

Pyrethrum is a plant (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is also the name of the crude extract obtained from flowers of this plant.

To produce an ultrasound, a piezoelectric crystal has an alternating current applied across it. The piezoelectric crystal grows and shrinks depending on the voltage run through it. Running an alternating current through it causes it to vibrate at a high speed and to produce an ultrasound. This conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy is known as the piezoelectric effect.

Coronary ligament lies between menisci and tibial condyle.

Phase I: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range and identify side effects.
•Phase II: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
•Phase III: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
•Phase IV: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.

The regulatory T cells , formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells which modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and abrogate autoimmune disease.

IgE also has an essential role in type I hypersensitivity,[7] which manifests various allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma, most types of sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and specific types of chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis.

Triticale is obtained by crossing wheat with rye.

Mitochondia is not found in bacterial cell. It is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cell.

They produce beta inteferons.

High concentration of 2,4- D is used to induce regeneration of somatic embryos.

"Hardening" refers to the preparation of the plants for a natural growth environment. Low light intensity and high humidity is used for the same.

Secondary lymphatic tissues include spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and skin and liver. 

 Ti-plasmid induces tumor formation in plants.

In patients affected with cholera, a cholera enterotoxin is produced which results in increased synthesis of intracellular cyclic AMP, which in turn increases the permeably of intestinal mucosa, leading to secretion of fluid throughout the small intestine. Hence the patient is given saline drip whereby Na+ ions restore the osmotic balance by retaining water in the body.

AB positive suggests that an individual has both the antigens A and B. Blood Group AB has both A and B antigen on red cells but with neither A or B antibody in the plasma.

 Liver fluke has digenetic life cycle which includes two hosts, sheep and snail.

Vaccines are treated bacteria or viruses or one of their proteins.If a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be less virulent than in unvaccinated victims.

Plodia interpunctella is the scientific name of Indian meal moth.