Altruism

Altruistic behavior is driven by the genuine desire to benefit others, without any expectation of personal gain or reward.

Selfishness is the opposite of altruism and is characterized by a concern for one's own interests over the interests of others.

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that people are motivated to help others in order to reduce their own emotional distress caused by witnessing someone else's suffering.

Altruistic punishment is a form of punishment that is motivated by the desire to protect others from harm, rather than to seek revenge or personal gain.

Self-sacrifice is a form of altruism that involves giving up something of value to oneself in order to benefit another person.

Cheating on a test to help a friend is not altruistic behavior because it involves harming others (the other students who are taking the test) in order to benefit one person (the friend).

The social exchange theory suggests that people are motivated to help others in order to receive something in return, such as social approval, reciprocity, or a sense of belonging.

Reciprocal altruism is a form of altruism in which individuals help each other with the expectation that they will receive help in return.

In-group favoritism is a tendency to favor and help people who are similar to oneself, such as members of the same family, friends, or social group.

While there is some evidence to suggest that genetics may play a role in altruistic behavior, it is generally considered to be a complex trait that is influenced by a variety of factors, including culture, religion, and gender.

Out-group favoritism is a tendency to favor and help people who are different from oneself, such as members of different social groups or cultures.

Gossiping about someone who is different from oneself is not altruistic behavior because it involves harming another person (the person being gossiped about) in order to benefit oneself (by gaining social approval or status).

The norm of reciprocity is a social norm that dictates that people who receive help from others are expected to return the favor, pay it forward, and express their gratitude.

Punishment is generally not an effective way to promote altruistic behavior in children. In fact, it can actually have the opposite effect, by making children less likely to help others in the future.

Universal altruism is a form of altruism in which individuals help others who are in need, regardless of their social status or group affiliation.