Engineering Physics and Meteorology

The Earth's weather system is primarily driven by the energy from the sun, which heats the Earth's surface and atmosphere, causing air movement and weather patterns.

Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, such as air or water. It occurs when a fluid is heated, causing it to expand and rise, while cooler fluid moves in to replace it.

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water droplets, forming clouds and eventually leading to precipitation.

An updraft is a vertical current of air that moves upward in the atmosphere, often associated with thunderstorms and other weather phenomena.

An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed, typically consisting of rotating cups or vanes that are moved by the wind.

Wind is the horizontal movement of air in the atmosphere, caused by differences in air pressure and temperature.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the surface up to about 10 kilometers (6 miles).

Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between two objects, such as when a hot object transfers heat to a cooler object when they touch.

A barometer is a device used to measure atmospheric pressure, typically consisting of a sealed glass tube containing mercury or another liquid.

Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation, which is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero.

The stratosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from about 10 kilometers (6 miles) to about 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the surface and contains the ozone layer.

Sublimation is the process by which water vapor in the atmosphere changes directly into ice crystals, without first condensing into liquid water.

A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature, typically consisting of a glass tube containing a liquid, such as mercury or alcohol, that expands or contracts with changes in temperature.

Evaporation is the process by which heat is transferred through the evaporation and condensation of water, such as when water evaporates from the Earth's surface and condenses into clouds.

The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from about 85 kilometers (53 miles) to about 600 kilometers (373 miles) above the surface and contains the ionosphere.