To answer this question, you need to understand the definitions of each term. Let's go through each option to understand why it is correct or incorrect:

Option A) An error - An error refers to a human mistake or incorrect action that leads to a deviation from the desired or expected behavior. It may or may not be visible to the end-user. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

Option B) A fault - A fault refers to a defect or malfunction in a system or component that causes it to deviate from its expected behavior. It is typically not visible to the end-user. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

Option C) A failure - A failure refers to a situation where a system or component does not perform its intended function or deliver the expected results. It is visible to the end-user and indicates that the system is not working correctly. Therefore, this option is correct.

Option D) A defect - A defect refers to a flaw or imperfection in a system or component that causes it to deviate from its expected behavior. It may or may not be visible to the end-user. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

The correct answer is C) a failure. This option is correct because when a deviation from specified or expected behavior is visible to the end-user, it is referred to as a failure.

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To answer this question, we need to understand the concept of equivalence classes and boundaries in software testing.

Equivalence classes are groups of input values that are expected to produce similar results. Valid equivalence classes are the input values that fall within the valid range or satisfy certain criteria.

Boundaries represent the edges or limits of the valid range of input values. Testing at the boundaries is important because errors often occur at the edges of valid input values.

Let's go through each option to determine which one includes only valid equivalence classes and valid boundaries:

Option A) 1000, 5000, 99999

• 1000 is outside the valid range of 10000 to 99999.
• 5000 is outside the valid range of 10000 to 99999.
• 99999 is within the valid range of 10000 to 99999.

Option B) 9999, 50000, 100000

• 9999 is outside the valid range of 10000 to 99999.
• 50000 is within the valid range of 10000 to 99999.
• 100000 is outside the valid range of 10000 to 99999.

Option C) 10000, 50000, 99999

• 10000 is the lower boundary of the valid range.
• 50000 is within the valid range of 10000 to 99999.
• 99999 is the upper boundary of the valid range.

Option D) 10000, 99999

• 10000 is the lower boundary of the valid range.
• 99999 is the upper boundary of the valid range.

Based on the explanations above, option C includes only valid equivalence classes and valid boundaries, making it the correct answer.

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To answer this question, let's go through each statement and determine whether it is true or false:

(i) Early test design can prevent fault multiplication - This statement is true. Early test design helps identify and fix faults in the early stages of development, preventing them from propagating and causing further issues.

(ii) Faults found during early test design are more expensive to fix - This statement is false. Finding and fixing faults early in the development process is generally less expensive than finding and fixing them later.

(iii) Early test design can find faults - This statement is true. Early test design involves analyzing the requirements and design to identify potential faults or issues.

(iv) Early test design can cause changes to the requirements - This statement is true. During the test design phase, it is possible to identify deficiencies or inconsistencies in the requirements, leading to changes or modifications.

(v) Early test design takes more effort - This statement is false. Early test design actually saves effort and resources by identifying and addressing potential faults early on.

Based on the evaluation of each statement, we can conclude that options A, B, C, and D are incorrect.

The correct answer is option A. This option correctly identifies statements (i), (iii), and (iv) as true, while statements (ii) and (v) are false.

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To answer this question, let's go through each statement to understand why it is correct or incorrect:

Statement (i) - "An incident may be closed without being fixed." - This statement is true. Sometimes, an incident may be closed without actually fixing the problem. This could happen if the incident is determined to be a duplicate, if it is not reproducible, or if it is deemed to be a low priority issue.

Statement (ii) - "Incidents may not be raised against documentation." - This statement is false. Incidents can be raised against documentation if there are errors, omissions, or ambiguities in the documentation that need to be addressed.

Statement (iii) - "The final stage of incident tracking is fixing." - This statement is false. The final stage of incident tracking is not necessarily fixing the issue. The final stage typically involves verifying the fix, closing the incident, and documenting the resolution.

Statement (iv) - "The incident record does not include information on test environments." - This statement is true. The incident record typically includes information about the incident itself (description, steps to reproduce, etc.), but it may not include specific details about the test environment in which the incident occurred.

Statement (v) - "Incidents should be raised when someone other than the author of the software performs the test." - This statement is true. It is often beneficial to have different individuals involved in testing the software to identify potential issues and provide different perspectives.

Based on the above analysis, we can determine that statements (i) and (v) are true, while statements (ii), (iii), and (iv) are false.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

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To determine the number of tests required for statement coverage and branch coverage, we need to consider the different paths or branches in the code.

Let's analyze the given code:

IF A > B THEN C = A – B ELSE C = A + B ENDIF

Read D

IF C = D Then Print “Error” ENDIF

For statement coverage, we need to ensure that each statement in the code is executed at least once. In this case, we have the following statements:

1. IF A > B THEN
2. C = A – B
3. ELSE
4. C = A + B
5. Read D
6. IF C = D Then
7. Print “Error”

To cover all the statements, we need to execute the code at least twice: once when A > B and once when A <= B. Therefore, we need 2 tests for statement coverage.

Now let's consider branch coverage. Branch coverage requires that each possible branch or decision point in the code is taken at least once. In this case, we have the following branches:

1. A > B (True branch) or A <= B (False branch)
2. C = D (True branch) or C != D (False branch)

To cover all the branches, we need to take both branches for the A > B decision (True and False branches) and both branches for the C = D decision (True and False branches). Therefore, we need 2 tests for branch coverage.

Therefore, the correct answer is B) 2 tests for statement coverage, 2 for branch coverage.

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