Indian Ocean Navigation and the Role of Indian Mathematics

Aryabhata, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of sine in the 5th century CE.

The astrolabe was used by Indian sailors to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, such as the sun and stars, to determine their latitude and longitude.

The Surya Siddhanta, an ancient Indian astronomical text, contains the earliest known description of the use of the astrolabe in navigation.

The Haversine formula, developed by Indian mathematicians, is used to calculate the distance between two points on the Earth's surface.

Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the zero in the 7th century CE.

Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is also credited with developing the concept of negative numbers in the 7th century CE.

Aryabhata, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the decimal system in the 5th century CE.

Madhava of Sangamagrama, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the sine table in the 14th century CE.

Bhaskara II, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the cosine in the 12th century CE.

Madhava of Sangamagrama, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the tangent in the 14th century CE.

Madhava of Sangamagrama, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the secant in the 14th century CE.

Madhava of Sangamagrama, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the cosecant in the 14th century CE.

Madhava of Sangamagrama, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the cotangent in the 14th century CE.

Madhava of Sangamagrama, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the versine in the 14th century CE.

Madhava of Sangamagrama, an Indian mathematician and astronomer, is credited with developing the concept of the haversine in the 14th century CE.