Programming Languages History and Concepts

sizeof returns the size in bytes, including the null terminator. 'C For Swimmers' has 14 characters plus 1 null terminator = 15 bytes. sizeof str is evaluated at compile time as 15.

The expression (100==100) evaluates to 1 (true). The ! operator negates it to 0. Then 0+1 = 1. The printf statement prints this result.

y/z equals 3, so y/z==3 is true (1). The ternary operator selects y/z (3). z/=3 is integer division: 2/3 = 0. So z becomes 0. Answer A is correct.

It is false to claim that a HashMap cannot be made synchronized. You can easily obtain a synchronized wrapper using Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap()) or use ConcurrentHashMap.

In Java, Map is a separate interface from Collection. Map does NOT extend Collection - they are distinct hierarchies. Collection is for groups of objects, Map is for key-value pairs.

ListIterator is an interface that extends Iterator, not an implementation (class). Implementations include classes like ArrayList.ListIter. The statement is false.

Collection is in java.util package. java.lang is for core classes like String, Object. java.util.Collections (plural) is a utility class, not the Collection interface.

Stack follows LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) - the last element pushed is the first one popped. Queues follow FIFO (First-In-First-Out) - the first element enqueued is the first one dequeued. Therefore neither statement (a) nor (b) is correct.

Regional Assembly language was invented in 1951. This was one of the early programming languages developed for specific computer architectures.

LISP was invented in 1958 by John McCarthy at MIT. It's one of the oldest high-level programming languages still in use today, designed for artificial intelligence research.

FACT (Fully Automated Compiling Technique) was invented in 1959 by Roy Nutt at IBM. It was an early programming language for business applications.

COBOL was invented in 1959 by a committee led by Grace Hopper. It was designed for business, finance, and administrative systems.

APL (A Programming Language) was designed by Kenneth E. Iverson and was officially introduced with the publication of his book of the same name in 1962.

Simula was invented in 1962 by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard at the Norwegian Computing Center. It was the first language to introduce object-oriented programming concepts.

BASIC was invented in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College. It was designed to make programming accessible to beginners and students.

PL/I was invented in 1964 by IBM. It was designed as a general-purpose language combining features from Fortran, COBOL, and ALGOL for both business and scientific computing.

Pascal was invented in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. It was designed to teach structured programming and has influenced many later languages.

Prolog was developed by Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel in 1972, with collaboration from Robert Kowalski. It pioneered logic programming and uses Horn clauses to declare facts and rules.