Cross-Linguistic Patterns in Phonology

Tone sandhi constraints are not phonotactic constraints, but rather phonological processes that affect the tones of syllables in a word or phrase.

[q] is a relatively rare sound in the world's languages, and is typically found in languages spoken in the Middle East and Central Asia.

Elision is not a phonological process, but rather a phonetic process that involves the deletion of a sound in speech.

CCV syllables are relatively rare in the world's languages, and are typically found in languages spoken in Africa and the Americas.

Lateral + stop consonant clusters are relatively rare in the world's languages, and are typically found in languages spoken in the Caucasus and the Americas.

ATR harmony is a relatively rare type of vowel harmony, and is typically found in languages spoken in Africa and Southeast Asia.

Contour tone sandhi is a relatively rare type of tone sandhi, and is typically found in languages spoken in Southeast Asia.

Grammatical change is not a type of phonological change, but rather a type of linguistic change that affects the grammar of a language.

Deletion is not a type of sound change, but rather a type of phonological process that involves the deletion of a sound in speech.

Insertion is not a type of phonological process, but rather a type of sound change that involves the insertion of a sound into a word.

Nasalization is not a type of sound change, but rather a type of phonological process that involves the addition of a nasal articulation to a sound.

Glottalization is not a type of sound change, but rather a type of phonological process that involves the addition of a glottal stop to a sound.

Prenasalization is not a type of sound change, but rather a type of phonological process that involves the addition of a nasal consonant to the beginning of a syllable.

Uvularization is not a type of sound change, but rather a type of phonological process that involves the addition of a uvular articulation to a sound.