Science & Technology: Chemistry, Biology, Computing & Defense

Agni is a family of Surface-to-Surface ballistic missiles developed by India. They are designed to launch from land and strike land targets. Nag is anti-tank, Akash is surface-to-air, and Trishul is for air defense.

Nag is India's third-generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) designed to destroy heavily armored tanks. BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile for ships and land targets, Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile, and Prithvi is a short-range ballistic missile - none of these are anti-tank missiles.

Akash is India's medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to target aircraft and helicopters. Nag is anti-tank, Agni is nuclear-capable ballistic, and BrahMos is cruise - none are surface-to-air missiles.

Sagarika (also known as K-15) is India's nuclear-capable submarine-launched cruise missile. Nag is anti-tank, Akash is surface-to-air, and Agni is ballistic - only Sagarika is both nuclear-capable AND a cruise missile.

Marie Curie won Nobel Prizes in two different fields: Physics in 1903 (shared with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel for radioactivity research) and Chemistry in 1911 (for discovering radium and polonium). Frederick Sanger won two Nobel Prizes, but both were in Chemistry (1958 and 1980), not different fields.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin accidentally in 1928 at St. Mary's Hospital, London, when he observed that Penicillium mold contaminating his petri dishes was killing staphylococcus bacteria. This serendipitous discovery revolutionized medicine and earned him the 1945 Nobel Prize.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is considered the Father of Bacteriology because he was the first to observe and describe bacteria and other microorganisms using his handmade microscopes in the 1670s. Robert Hooke discovered cells, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus, and Rudolf Virchow contributed to cell theory.

Dmitry Ivanovsky discovered viruses in 1892 while studying tobacco mosaic disease. He found that the infectious agent could pass through filters that trapped bacteria, leading to the discovery of a new class of microorganisms smaller than bacteria - viruses.

Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are considered the most evolutionarily primitive because they were among the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth, appearing around 3.5 billion years ago. They produced oxygen through photosynthesis and fundamentally changed Earth's atmosphere.

Hawk-Eye is the technology used in tennis and cricket to track the trajectory of the ball and determine whether it pitched in or out. It uses multiple cameras and computer algorithms.

One billion bytes equals one gigabyte (GB). In binary terms, 1 GB = 1024^3 bytes, but commonly it's approximated as 1 billion bytes for simplicity.

Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel, famously titled his personal homepage 'The homepage of WWW-illiterate' as a humorous self-deprecation about his web design skills. The name reflects his focus on kernel development rather than web technologies.

A retrovirus is specifically designed to detect, disable, or delete antivirus software and other security programs on a system. By attacking the antivirus software first, it can evade detection and remain undetected while infecting the system.

Intel was founded as 'Integrated Electronics' and the name was derived from combining 'Int'egrated and 'El'ectronics. While founders considered various tech-sounding names like Calcomp, Digicom, and others during the naming process, they ultimately chose 'Intel' for its simplicity and clever wordplay.

Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998 while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University. The other options pair Page or Brin with other tech figures who were not involved in Google's founding. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates founded Apple and Microsoft respectively, while Linus Torvalds created the Linux kernel.

The word 'keme' (or 'chem') meaning 'earth' comes from ancient Egyptian language. This is the origin of words like 'chemistry' and 'alchemy,' referring to the black soil of the Nile Valley which was central to Egyptian civilization.

IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It's the global authority on chemical nomenclature, terminology, and standardized measurement, established to provide a common language for chemistry worldwide.

Tungsten's symbol W comes from 'Wolfram,' derived from German. The name originates from the mineral wolframite, which was historically the main source of tungsten. German chemists played a key role in isolating and identifying this element.

Hydrazoic acid has the chemical formula HN3 (or N3H as written in options). It's a highly explosive and toxic compound consisting of a linear chain of three nitrogen atoms bonded to hydrogen. The formula N3H correctly represents this structure.

Alum has the general formula M2SO4·M2(SO4)3·24H2O, but potassium alum (the most common type) is KAl(SO4)2·12H2O - potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. The 12 water molecules of hydration are characteristic of crystalline alum structure.