Introduction to Climatology and Meteorology

Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, followed by Oxygen at 21%.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, extending from the Earth's surface to an altitude of about 10 kilometers.

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the atmosphere changes from a gas to a liquid or solid.

The pressure gradient between areas of high and low pressure drives the movement of air, resulting in wind and weather patterns.

Climate refers to the long-term average of weather conditions in a specific region, including temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind patterns.

Advection is the transfer of heat by the movement of air or water.

The Earth's axial tilt, or the angle between its axis of rotation and the plane of its orbit around the Sun, is the primary cause of the seasons.

Mean temperature is the average temperature calculated over a long period of time, typically 30 years or more.

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air.

Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between two substances.

Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid.

Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water vapor through their leaves.

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air changes from a gas to a liquid or solid.

Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.