The Big Bang Theory: The Role of Supercomputers and High-Performance Computing

The Millennium Simulation was run on the Cray T3E supercomputer at the University of Durham in the United Kingdom.

The Apache supercomputer, located at the University of Chicago, is used by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to process and analyze astronomical data.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a high-performance computing technique that is commonly used to simulate the evolution of the universe in cosmological simulations.

Einstein@Home is a distributed computing project that uses the idle time of personal computers to analyze data from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).

The EAGLE simulation was run on the Cray XT5 supercomputer at the University of Durham in the United Kingdom.

The DESI supercomputer, located at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), is used by the Dark Energy Survey to process and analyze astronomical data.

N-body simulation is a high-performance computing technique that is commonly used to simulate the interactions of dark matter particles in cosmological simulations.

The ALMA Common Software is a suite of software tools used to process and analyze astronomical data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA).

The CMB-S4 simulation was run on the Summit supercomputer at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States.

The LSST Data Management System is a suite of software tools used to process and analyze astronomical data from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).

Semi-analytic modeling is a high-performance computing technique that is commonly used to simulate the evolution of galaxies in cosmological simulations.

The SKA Science Data Processor is a suite of software tools used to process and analyze astronomical data from the Square Kilometer Array (SKA).

The IllustrisTNG simulation was run on the Piz Daint supercomputer at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) in Switzerland.

The Rubin Observatory Data Management System is a suite of software tools used to process and analyze astronomical data from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a high-performance computing technique that is commonly used to simulate the interactions of gas and dust in cosmological simulations.