Science & Technology Fundamentals Quiz

Rod monochromacy (achromatopsia) is a condition where all three types of cone photoreceptors are absent or nonfunctional. With only rod cells working, the person cannot distinguish colors and sees only in shades of gray, along with poor visual acuity in bright light.

Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy (often called the 'Eureka' moment) while trying to determine whether a golden crown was pure gold or contained silver. This method of measuring volume through water displacement is known as Archimedes' Principle. The 'Golden Crown' story is the classic example used to teach this concept.

Aryabhatta was India's first satellite, launched on April 19, 1975. Bhaskara-1 came later in 1979, while INSAT-1A was launched in 1982 as part of the Indian National Satellite System.

Ohm's Law states that the voltage (V) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it, with resistance (R) as the constant of proportionality, giving V = IR. The other options rearrange these variables incorrectly or don't represent Ohm's Law.

Passive components are those that cannot amplify or produce energy - they can only store or dissipate it. Resistors and capacitors are passive components. Operational amplifiers (op-amps) and transistors are active components - they can amplify signals and require external power to function.

Insulators have the largest forbidden energy gap (band gap) between valence and conduction bands, typically 3-6 eV or more. Conductors and metals have no band gap (bands overlap), while semiconductors have small band gaps (~1 eV). The large gap prevents electrons from jumping to conduction band, making insulators poor conductors.

Bats navigate and hunt in darkness through echolocation, emitting ultrasonic waves (high-frequency sound above human hearing) that bounce off objects. Their wings and nose-leaf structures help produce and direct these ultrasonic pulses. They do not produce UV rays, infrared rays, or regular sound waves for navigation.

Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It primarily affects the central nervous system, with the brain being the main organ impacted. The condition can cause severe headaches, fever, and neck stiffness. It does not primarily affect the heart, lungs, or large intestine.

A pathologist is a medical doctor who studies the nature, causes, and development of diseases by examining body tissues, organs, and fluids. They focus on disease mechanisms rather than direct treatment. Pathologists do not primarily treat elderly patients, take x-rays (that's a radiologist), or treat kidney disorders (that's a nephrologist).

Butterflies are insects, and all insects have six legs. The other options (4, 5, 8) are incorrect because 6 is the standard number of legs for the insect class.

Elephants are unable to jump because they lack the leg muscle structure and spring-like tendons needed for jumping. Their massive weight also makes it physically impossible to lift all four legs off the ground simultaneously.

A retro virus is specifically designed to attack antivirus software and security programs to avoid detection. Unlike regular viruses that may avoid detection passively, retro viruses actively target, disable, or corrupt the antivirus programs themselves. Worms replicate across networks, trojans disguise themselves as legitimate software, and 'ghost virus' is not a standard classification. The key feature of a retro virus is its offensive action against security software.

A Trojan (or Trojan horse) is malicious software that disguises itself as legitimate software but does not replicate or copy itself. Unlike worms and viruses, Trojans rely on user deception to spread and typically create backdoors, steal data, or damage systems once executed. Joke programs are harmless, worms actively replicate, and hoaxes are false warnings about non-existent viruses. The defining characteristic of a Trojan is its non-replicating nature combined with malicious payload delivery.

The McDonald's screensaver was a well-documented hoax virus warning that spread through email chains in the early 2000s. It warned users about a supposed virus attached to a McDonald's screensaver, but the virus did not actually exist. Hoax viruses are fake warnings that cause panic and waste resources without any actual malicious code. Alien.worm, Merry Xmas, and Adolph represent actual or hypothetical malware rather than documented hoaxes.

In 1983, Dr. Frederick Cohen presented the first formal academic definition and demonstration of a computer virus during a seminar at the University of Southern California. His doctoral thesis on computer viruses established the foundational terminology and research in this field. While McAfee, Norton, and Smith are all significant names in antivirus history, Cohen is credited with the first formal academic definition of the term 'computer virus.'

A file server is a computer in a network that stores and manages files, allowing other computers (clients) on the network to access, store, and share those files. It serves as the central repository for documents, applications, and other files that multiple users need to access. Clip art refers to graphics, motherboards are computer circuit boards, and peripherals are external devices like keyboards and printers. The file server's specific role is centralized file storage and sharing across a network.

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer, a CPU design philosophy that uses a small, highly optimized set of instructions rather than a large complex set. RISC processors execute simpler instructions more quickly, typically in one clock cycle, leading to better performance and efficiency. The other options (Remodeled Interface System Computer, Remote Intranet Secured Connection, Runtime Instruction Set Compiler) are fabricated expansions that don't represent real computer architecture concepts.