C++ Programming and Space Technology

AVATAR (Aerobic Vehicle for Hypersonic Aerospace Transportation) is ISRO's reusable launch vehicle concept. It's designed to be a spaceplane that can take off and land horizontally. Multiple Re-entry Satellite (B), Adhunik (C), and Akash (D) are not ISRO's reusable vehicle projects.

Aditya-L1 is ISRO's planned solar observation mission (named after the Sun god). Like Chandrayaan for the Moon, Aditya-L1 will study the Sun from the Lagrangian point L-1. Suryayaan-1 (A), Sun Bender (C), and Bhaskar (D) are not the actual mission names.

India's space agency ISRO is actively developing the Gaganyaan mission, which aims to send humans into space. The mission has been officially approved and is in advanced stages of preparation, with target dates for crewed missions already announced.

India's ISRO set a world record in February 2017 by successfully launching 104 satellites in a single mission using the PSLV-C37 rocket. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 37 satellites held by Russia, demonstrating India's capability in complex multi-satellite deployment missions.

Namespaces provide a way to group related classes, objects, and functions under a single name, preventing naming conflicts and organizing code logically. This is particularly useful in large projects or when combining code from multiple sources. Named areas is not a standard programming term, packages are used in languages like Java, and Global Assembly Cache is specific to .NET assembly storage.

In C++, ios is the base class for all I/O stream classes, fstream handles file input/output operations, and ostream is the base class for output streams. Since all three (ios, fstream, and ostream) are legitimate stream classes in C++'s I/O hierarchy, option D is the correct choice. This question tests knowledge of the C++ stream class hierarchy.

Operator overloading allows operators to work with user-defined types (extensibility) and means operators are not limited to primitive data types only. Both statements A and B are correct advantages, making 'Both A and B' the right answer. Option D about increased scope is vague - the scope isn't increased but rather extended to work with custom types.

In C++, an array name evaluates to a pointer to its first element. Therefore, exforsys is equivalent to &exforsys[0], which is the address of the first element. This is a fundamental property of arrays in C and C++ - the array name decays to a pointer to the initial element when used in an expression.

In C++, the 'new' keyword is the standard operator for dynamic memory allocation. While malloc and calloc are C functions that can be used in C++, 'new' is the preferred C++ approach because it calls constructors and is type-safe. 'dalloc' is not a standard memory allocation function in C or C++.

A C++ function can only return exactly one value. However, this single return value can be a compound type like struct, array, or tuple containing multiple values, or you can use output parameters/pointers to return multiple values indirectly. The function itself has exactly one return statement that returns one value.

External variables are defined outside all functions and have global scope, making them accessible throughout the program. They are commonly called global variables because any function can access them. Static variables have internal linkage, register variables suggest CPU register storage, and auto variables are local function variables - none of these describe external variables.

Inheritance enables code reusability by allowing new classes to inherit properties and methods from existing classes, which saves program development time. Data hiding is primarily achieved through encapsulation (access specifiers), not inheritance. The advantage combines both A and B - you get reusable code that reduces development effort.

The scope resolution operator (::) connects a member function definition to its class when defined outside. You write ReturnType ClassName::functionName(parameters) to show this function belongs to ClassName. The extraction (>>), insertion (<<), and ternary (? :) operators serve completely different purposes in C++.

EOF is a macro constant defined as -1 in C/C++ to signal end-of-file or read errors. Functions like getchar() return EOF when they can't read more data. Zero typically indicates success, positive values are valid character codes, and void is a type not a value.

When hot liquid mixes with cold liquid, heat flows from the higher temperature region to the lower temperature region until thermal equilibrium is reached. This mixing process increases the overall entropy of the system because the energy becomes more dispersed and the system moves toward a more disordered state.

In a throttling process (also known as Joule-Thomson expansion), the enthalpy remains constant. This is an isenthalpic process where a fluid expands from high pressure to low pressure through a valve or porous plug without doing external work or heat transfer. Entropy typically increases during throttling.

Spur gears have teeth that are straight and parallel to the axis of the shaft. Helical gears have angled teeth, herringbone gears have V-shaped teeth, and mitre gears are used for connecting perpendicular shafts. Spur gears are the most common and simplest type of gears.

A tool signature in the ASA system consists of 7 elements that define the geometry of a single-point cutting tool. These include various rake angles (back and side), relief angles (end and side), cutting edge angles (end and side), and the nose radius, which together determine how the tool interacts with the workpiece during machining operations.