Science and Technology Quiz

Metamorphic viruses completely rewrite their code with each infection while maintaining functionality, making them extremely difficult to detect via signature-based methods. Polymorphic viruses only change their decryption routine while keeping the same virus body. HIV is a biological virus, not computer malware.

Bliss is a documented Linux computer virus that emerged in 1997, demonstrating that while Linux is more virus-resistant than Windows due to its permission structure, it's not completely immune. CIH (Chernobyl) is a Windows-specific virus. XSS Worm is a web vulnerability exploit, not a traditional virus.

When optical media like CDs and DVDs are closed (finalized), they become read-only and cannot be modified or written to again. This makes them immune to virus infection after finalization, provided no infected files were already on them when burned. This is a key advantage of optical media for long-term backups.

Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system with surface temperatures around 465°C, despite Mercury being closer to the Sun. Venus's thick carbon dioxide atmosphere creates an extreme greenhouse effect that traps heat. This makes it significantly hotter than Mercury or any other planet.

Jupiter has an average density of about 1.33 g/cm³, which is less than Earth's 5.51 g/cm³. This is because Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium gases rather than rocky materials. The statement is true despite Jupiter's much greater mass and size.

Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet, completing one rotation on its axis in about 9.9 hours. This rapid rotation is responsible for Jupiter's flattened shape and banded appearance. By comparison, Earth takes 24 hours, and Venus takes 243 days to rotate once.

Uranus, not Pluto, holds the distinction as the coldest place in our solar system with temperatures reaching -224°C. Despite being closer to the Sun than Neptune, Uranus's unusual lack of internal heat makes it colder than even Pluto. Neptune is also very cold but not as extreme as Uranus.

Neptune has the fastest winds in the solar system, with speeds reaching over 2,000 km/h (1,250 mph). These supersonic winds are much faster than those on any other planet, including Jupiter and Saturn. Pluto and Mercury have relatively minimal atmospheric winds compared to Neptune's storm systems.

Ultraviolet (UV) light is outside the visible spectrum, with wavelengths shorter than violet light (380nm). Violet, yellow, and blue are all within the visible spectrum (380-700nm), while UV has wavelengths 10-400nm.

The ozone hole was first discovered in the 1980s by British scientists Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin using ground-based measurements from Halley Research Station in Antarctica. They observed dramatic springtime ozone depletion.

George Oliver and Edward Schäfer, British physiologists, first identified adrenaline (epinephrine) in 1894-1895 while studying extracts from adrenal glands. They discovered that injecting adrenal extracts caused increased blood pressure and heart rate, leading to the identification of this crucial hormone. This was foundational to understanding the adrenal medulla's function.

Karl Landsteiner, working in the United States, discovered the Rh blood factor in 1937 along with Alexander Wiener. Landsteiner had previously discovered the ABO blood group system (1901), making him a giant in transfusion medicine.

Willem Kolff invented the first practical dialysis machine (kidney machine) in the Netherlands during World War II (1943). His invention saved countless patients with kidney failure and pioneered the field of artificial organ replacement.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 at St. Mary's Hospital in London when he noticed that mold (Penicillium notatum) killed bacteria in a petri dish. This discovery revolutionized medicine and earned him the Nobel Prize.

Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine in 1955. His inactivated virus vaccine was tested in massive clinical trials and dramatically reduced polio cases worldwide. Salk became a medical hero for refusing to patent the vaccine.

Willem Einthoven invented the electrocardiograph (ECG) in the Netherlands and received the Nobel Prize in 1924 for it. His string galvanometer could accurately record the electrical activity of the heart, revolutionizing cardiology and heart diagnosis.

The average distance from Earth to the Moon is approximately 240,000 miles (384,400 km). This distance varies because the Moon's orbit is elliptical, ranging from about 225,000 miles at perigee to 252,000 miles at apogee. Option C is the closest to the average.