Self and Epistemology in Indian Philosophy

Vedanta, particularly the Advaita Vedanta school, emphasizes the concept of Atman as the true self, which is identical to Brahman, the ultimate reality.

The Nyaya school considers perception to be the primary means of acquiring knowledge, as it is direct and immediate.

Atma-vichara, meaning 'self-inquiry', refers to the process of gaining knowledge about the true nature of the self through introspection and self-reflection.

Jainism propounds the theory of Anekantavada, which asserts that reality is complex and multifaceted, possessing multiple aspects and perspectives.

The concept of Maya, or illusion, is primarily associated with the Advaita Vedanta school, which posits that the phenomenal world is an illusion that veils the true nature of reality.

Gautama, the founder of the Nyaya school, propounded the theory of Svatah-pramana, which maintains that knowledge is self-validating and does not require external validation.

Sruti, in the context of Indian epistemology, refers to the sacred Vedic scriptures, which are considered to be a reliable source of knowledge and authority.

Ramanuja, the founder of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, propounded the theory of Bhedabheda, which posits that the self and Brahman are distinct yet inseparable entities.

Nirguna Brahman, in Indian philosophy, refers to the concept of Brahman as devoid of any attributes or qualities.

The Nyaya school considers the Jiva, or individual self, as a distinct entity separate from the body and the senses.

Smriti, in Indian epistemology, refers to traditional texts, such as the Puranas, Itihasas, and Dharmashastras, which are considered to be authoritative sources of knowledge.

Madhva, the founder of Dvaita Vedanta, propounded the theory of dualism, which posits that the self and Brahman are distinct and separate entities.

Saguna Brahman, in Indian philosophy, refers to the concept of Brahman as possessing attributes or qualities.

The Vedanta school, particularly the Dvaita Vedanta school, emphasizes the concept of Isvara, or personal God, as the creator and sustainer of the universe.

Anumana, in Indian epistemology, refers to the process of acquiring knowledge through inference or logical reasoning.