Science and Technology Fundamentals

The ampere is the SI base unit for electric current, measuring the flow of electric charge. Ohm is the unit of electrical resistance, and watt is the unit of power.

The joule is the unit of energy in the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system, which is the basis of the modern SI system. The erg is the energy unit in the CGS system, while volt measures potential difference and ohm measures resistance.

A seismograph is the instrument used to detect and record the intensity of earthquakes by measuring ground movement. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure, hydrometers measure liquid density, and polygraphs are lie detectors.

John Logie Baird is credited with inventing the first working television system, which he demonstrated in 1926. While others contributed to television technology, Baird created the first practical mechanical television system.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the mercury thermometer in 1714, which became the standard medical thermometer. Galileo created an earlier thermoscope, but not the modern mercury-based medical thermometer.

Dmitri Mendeleev developed the Periodic Table in 1869, arranging elements by atomic weight and predicting the existence and properties of elements that hadn't been discovered yet.

Max Planck is credited as the founder of quantum theory through his work on black body radiation in 1900, introducing the concept of quantized energy. Herschel is known for discovering infrared radiation, while 'Ganleo' appears to be a nonsensical distractor. Planck's quantum hypothesis revolutionized physics by proposing that energy is emitted in discrete packets called quanta.

Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes, earning him the first Nobel Prize in Physics. Rutherford is famous for nuclear physics, Thomson for discovering the electron, and Copernicus for heliocentric theory. Roentgen's discovery revolutionized medical imaging.

Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine in 1955 using inactivated virus, leading to widespread vaccination. Albert Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine later, while Waksman discovered streptomycin. Salk's vaccine was crucial in nearly eradicating polio worldwide.

Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, an early mechanical calculating machine in 1642, contributing to computing history. While related to computing concepts, 'computer' is anachronistic. Pascal is also known for Pascal's law in fluid mechanics and probability theory.

Roentgen discovered X-rays, Newton formulated gravitational laws, and Pasteur founded bacteriology - all correct associations. Faraday is known for electromagnetic induction and electrochemistry, not gas diffusion (Graham's law). This makes D the incorrect pair.

Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure and organization of living things, including animals and plants. Physiology (option B) studies function, not structure. Option C refers to ethology, and D relates to histology. Anatomy focuses on form and structure.

Oncology is the branch of medicine specializing in cancer study and treatment. Ornithology studies birds, mammalogy studies mammals, and pedology studies soil. The term derives from 'onkos' (Greek for mass/tumor). Oncologists diagnose and treat cancer patients.

Exobiology (or astrobiology) studies potential life beyond Earth, including origins, evolution, and distribution. The term combines 'exo' (outside/external) with biology. Endobiology studies internal biological processes, enterobiology relates to intestines, and 'neobiology' is not a standard term.

Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves. Ecology studies organism-environment relationships, numismatics studies coins/currency, and geology is broader earth science. The term derives from 'seismos' (Greek for earthquake). Seismologists use seismographs.

Ecology studies the relationships between organisms and their environment, including interactions with living and non-living components. Ornithology (A) studies birds, histology (B) studies tissues, and cytology (D) studies cells. Ecology focuses on ecosystem dynamics and environmental relationships.

Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena, especially weather and weather forecasting. The name comes from 'meteor' meaning atmospheric phenomenon. 'Meteors' (space rocks) are studied under astronomy, 'metals' under metallurgy, and 'earthquakes' under seismology/geology.