Cosmology and Scientific Discoveries

Martin Cooper invented the first handheld cellular phone. He made the first public call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973, while working at Motorola. The prototype phone he used weighed about 1.1 kg and took 10 hours to charge. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, not the cell phone.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed that mold (Penicillium notatum) had contaminated his petri dishes and killed the bacteria. Florey and Chain later developed it into a medicine.

Samuel Morse developed the electric telegraph and Morse code in the 1830s, revolutionizing long-distance communication. Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine, while George Washington Carver was an agricultural scientist.

The universe has no center because expansion happens everywhere simultaneously. The Big Bang occurred at all points in space, not from a single location. The Milky Way, Sun, and Earth are just one small part of the universe, not its center.

Ordinary (baryonic) matter makes up about 5% of the universe's total mass-energy content, with dark matter at ~27% and dark energy at ~68%. The 2-3% figure in option C is the closest approximation to the actual ~5% baryonic matter fraction.

A typical galaxy like the Milky Way contains 100-400 billion stars. Dwarf galaxies may have only a few billion stars, while giant elliptical galaxies can have up to a trillion stars. 100 billion is the most representative figure.

Edwin Hubble discovered cosmic expansion in 1929 by observing that distant galaxies are moving away from us, with more distant galaxies receding faster (Hubble's Law). This was the first evidence that the universe is expanding.

Quasars are powered by supermassive black holes at galaxy centers. As matter falls into the black hole, it forms an accretion disk that heats up and releases enormous amounts of energy before crossing the event horizon.

Galaxy clusters typically contain hundreds to thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity. Rich clusters like the Coma Cluster have over 1000 galaxies, while poor clusters may have fewer than 100.

The SDSS has discovered quasars from when the universe was about 2-3 billion years old. The most distant quasars (z > 7) are from even earlier, but SDSS discoveries include many from the 2 billion year epoch.

Cosmology is the study of the universe's origin, evolution, and large-scale structure. The other options are incorrect words (cosmetology is beauty treatments, cometology is not a real science).

Stars generate energy through thermonuclear fusion reactions, converting hydrogen into helium and releasing energy according to E=mc². Solar and electric power are just ways of capturing or using existing stellar energy.

The Big Bang theory states the universe began 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Thermonuclear theory and Steady State are different cosmological models. The question has garbled text with 'TThermonuclear Theoryhis' at the start.

The Steady State theory proposed that the universe has always existed and maintains a constant density as new matter is created to fill the void from expansion. This contrasts with the Big Bang theory of a finite beginning.

Using a microscope is not a valid method for measuring the size of the universe. Microscopes study tiny objects, while cosmic measurements require telescopes, redshift observations, and cosmic distance ladders. The question has structural issues with repeated text.