Computer Fundamentals and Basic Science

1975 is cited as the year when chips were first used inside computers, referring to the period when microprocessors began to be widely adopted in personal computers. The Altair 8800 (using Intel 8080) was released in 1975, marking the beginning of the personal computer revolution. This year represents the transition from discrete logic to integrated microprocessor-based designs.

The CPU consists of three main components: the Control Unit (CU) which directs operations, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which performs mathematical and logical operations, and Registers. Of the options given, only 'Control unit and ALU' correctly identifies two of these core components.

Sequential access processes data in order (like tapes), while random access allows direct retrieval (like disks). These are the two fundamental methods for accessing records in storage systems. Indexed is a type of sequential access, and 'online/real time' describes availability, not access method.

Laser printers are actually faster, quieter, and produce higher quality output than impact printers. Therefore, all the listed 'disadvantages' (quiet, slow, lower quality) are actually advantages of laser printers, making 'None of the above' the correct answer.

Buses are sets of parallel electrical conducting lines on a motherboard that connect different components like CPU, memory, and peripherals, allowing data and control signals to flow between them. Conductors is a general term, connectors are physical interfaces, and 'consecutives' is not a technical term.

Machine language (binary code of 0s and 1s) is the only language computers can directly understand and execute. Application software and system programs are written in higher-level languages that must be translated to machine language first.

Tetanus is a bacterial infection causing severe muscle spasms and stiffness. The term 'lockjaw' specifically refers to the jaw muscle locking, a classic symptom of this disease.

'Doldrums' refers to the Intertropical Convergence Zone near the equator characterized by calm, low-pressure winds. Figuratively, it also describes a state of low spirits or stagnation, matching the question's description perfectly.

Absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15°C) is the lowest possible temperature where all thermal motion ceases. It is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and represents the baseline of the Kelvin temperature scale.

Hypermetropia (or hyperopia) is the medical term for long-sightedness or farsightedness - difficulty focusing on nearby objects while distant objects appear clear. Short-sightedness is called myopia, not hypermetropia.