Federal Anti-Discrimination Laws and Sports

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in federally funded education programs, including athletics.

Affirmative action is a legal principle that requires sports organizations to take steps to prevent and remedy discrimination. This may include setting goals and timetables for increasing the participation of underrepresented groups in sports.

In Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982), the Supreme Court held that discrimination on the basis of sex is a form of gender discrimination and is therefore unconstitutional. This case involved a state university's policy of admitting only women to its nursing program.

Restitution is a legal doctrine that allows courts to order remedies for past discrimination, such as back pay or reinstatement. This doctrine is based on the principle that the victim of discrimination should be restored to the position they would have been in if the discrimination had not occurred.

The Office of Civil Rights (OCR) is the federal agency responsible for enforcing Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. OCR is part of the Department of Education.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. The ADA applies to employers, public accommodations, and state and local governments.

In Sutton v. United Airlines (1999), the Supreme Court held that the ADA's prohibition against discrimination includes discrimination on the basis of perceived disability. This case involved an airline employee who was fired after she was diagnosed with breast cancer.

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) is a federal law that prohibits discrimination against individuals based on their age. The ADEA applies to employers with 20 or more employees.

In Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins (1993), the Supreme Court held that the ADEA's prohibition against age discrimination includes discrimination on the basis of perceived age. This case involved an employee who was fired after he was told that he was too old to perform his job.

In Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), the Supreme Court held that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is a form of sex discrimination and is therefore prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination against individuals based on their religion. This law applies to employers, public accommodations, and state and local governments.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination against individuals based on their national origin. This law applies to employers, public accommodations, and state and local governments.

The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) prohibits discrimination against individuals based on their veteran status. This law applies to employers with 50 or more employees.

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) prohibits discrimination against individuals based on their genetic information. This law applies to employers, health insurers, and group health plans.

The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) prohibits discrimination against individuals based on their pregnancy. This law applies to employers with 15 or more employees.