Science & Technology Basics

ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, a widely used laboratory technique that detects and measures antibodies, antigens, proteins, and hormones. The 'I' stands for 'Immuno,' referring to the immunological principles the test is based on.

Wilhelm Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery of X-rays, which revolutionized medical diagnostics and scientific understanding. His discovery had profound implications for both medicine and physics.

The 'i' in iMac originally stood for Internet, emphasizing the machine's ease of connecting to the web. This was part of Apple's 1998 marketing strategy when internet connectivity was revolutionary. It does not stand for Apple Inc, Integrated Circuits, or a customer-centric phrase.

LISA was indeed a personal computer product by Apple (named after Steve Jobs' daughter), and the acronym stands for Local Integrated Software Architecture. All three statements A, B, and C are correct facts about Apple's LISA computer from the early 1980s.

Steve Wozniak (Woz) is indeed one of the co-founders of Apple Computer, Inc., alongside Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne. He was the technical genius who designed and built the Apple I and Apple II computers, making this statement true.

Bosons are named after Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, who collaborated with Einstein to develop Bose-Einstein statistics. The term 'boson' honors his contribution to quantum physics. Mesons and protons are different particle types, while 'querons' is not a recognized particle class.

NPK represents the three essential macronutrients in fertilizers: Nitrogen (N) for leaf growth, Phosphorus (P) as phosphate for root development, and Potassium (K) for overall plant health and disease resistance. These nutrients are the primary components of most agricultural fertilizers.

Alexei Leonov was the first human to conduct a spacewalk on March 18, 1965, during the Voskhod 2 mission. He spent 12 minutes outside the spacecraft, proving humans could work in the vacuum of space. The name 'Leonov' in option D is the correct spelling.

Heavy water is D2O (deuterium oxide), where the hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium, a heavier isotope of hydrogen. Option A is correct.

Uranus was discovered by William Herschel in 1781. Option C (Herschel) is the correct answer.

Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants that is essential for photosynthesis. Option B is correct.

Insulin is produced and secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. Option C is correct.

Quinine is extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree, native to South America. It has been historically used to treat malaria and is still used today in certain medications like tonic water.

The brain is the fattiest organ in the human body, consisting of approximately 60% fat. This high fat content is essential for proper brain function, as fats provide insulation, protection, and are crucial components of cell membranes.

The brain consumes about 20% of the body's oxygen supply despite representing only about 2% of body weight. This high oxygen demand reflects the brain's intense metabolic activity as it constantly processes information.

Sleep deprivation specifically impairs the brain's ability to form new memories, as memory consolidation primarily occurs during sleep. The hippocampus, crucial for memory formation, is particularly affected by lack of sleep, making it harder to create and retain new memories.