World History and Technology Survey

The Intel 4004, released in 1971, was the first commercially available microprocessor. It was a 4-bit processor that revolutionized computing by putting the entire CPU on a single chip.

The Gentleman's Magazine, first published in 1731 in London, is widely considered the first magazine in the modern sense. It used the term magazine (meaning storehouse) and covered general interest topics with a regular publication schedule.

The first permanent photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras, was created by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 (or possibly early 1827). It required an exposure time of about 8 hours and is the oldest surviving camera photograph.

The Battle of Trafalgar (1805) was a decisive naval victory where the British Royal Navy, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets. This victory destroyed Napoleon's naval power and permanently ended his plans to invade England.

The Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War, fought between Russia and Japan from 1904-1905. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated the peace treaty, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. This was the first major conflict of the 20th century and the first modern war where an Asian power defeated a European one.

The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) overthrew King James II of England and replaced him with his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange as joint sovereigns. This bloodless revolution established parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy and permanently altered English governance.

Abel Janszoon Tasman was a Dutch explorer and merchant who worked for the Dutch East India Company (VOC). He is best known for his voyages in 1642-1644 during which he discovered Tasmania (which he named Van Diemen's Land) and New Zealand, becoming the first known European to sight these lands.

Marxism, founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is based on the concept of class struggle - the conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of production) and proletariat (workers). The quote describes the core Marxist belief that this struggle would ultimately lead to a classless, stateless communist society.

The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 was passed during the reign of King Charles II, who had been restored to the throne in 1660. This Act strengthened the ancient writ of habeas corpus, protecting individuals from unlawful detention. Charles I was executed in 1649, Charles III ruled much later, and William III came to power after the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

Napoleon Bonaparte was known as 'The Little Corporal' (Le Petit Caporal), a nickname given affectionately by his soldiers early in his career. Despite the name, Napoleon was actually of average height for his time - the nickname reflected his approachability and military genius, not his physical stature. Hitler and Mussolini were 20th-century dictators with different epithets.

Dadabhai Naoroji was known as the 'Grand Old Man of India' for his pioneering role in the Indian independence movement. He was the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament and authored 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India', which explained the economic drain caused by colonial rule. Gandhi, Nehru, and Tagore, though iconic leaders, had different epithets.

Sarojini Naidu was known as the 'Nightingale of India' for her lyrical poetry and contributions to Indian literature. She was a poet, freedom fighter, and the first woman governor of an Indian state (Uttar Pradesh). Her poetry earned her this title for its musicality and beauty, similar to how Florence Nightingale was associated with care and compassion.

Patrice Lumumba was the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Congo (now Democratic Republic of Congo) after gaining independence from Belgium in 1960. He was a passionate anti-colonial leader and pan-Africanist who was assassinated in 1961. His tenure was short but symbolized African independence movements. Tanzania, Nigeria, and Thailand had different independence leaders.

Bartolomeu Dias was the Portuguese explorer who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488, proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were connected. This was a crucial milestone in finding a sea route to Asia. He was not associated with Victoria Falls or the Nile source - those were explored by others like David Livingstone centuries later.