Indian History: Ancient to Colonial Periods

Jahangir granted the British East India Company the permission to establish their first trading factory at Surat in 1613. This came after Sir Thomas Roe's diplomatic mission to the Mughal court.

The Indus Valley Civilization (also called Harappan Civilization) was the earliest known civilization of ancient India, flourishing from 3300-1300 BCE. Harappan and Mohenjodaro are specific sites within this civilization.

Harappa was discovered by Dayaram Sahni in 1921. The Indus Valley Civilization was first identified through this excavation, making it one of the most important archaeological discoveries in India.

The Red Fort in Delhi was built between 1639-1648 during Shah Jahan's reign. 1648 is the year of completion, making it the correct answer among the options.

Chandni Chowk was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1650 as part of his new capital Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi). It was designed as the main boulevard with a central canal that reflected moonlight, hence the name 'moonlight square'. Sadar Bazar and Karol Bagh developed later during British rule.

Raj Ghat is the memorial on the banks of Yamuna River where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on January 31, 1948. Shanti Van is Jawaharlal Nehru's memorial, Teen Murti was Nehru's residence, and India Gate is a war memorial. Gandhi's samadhi at Raj Ghat has an eternal flame.

All three - Qutub Minar (1993), Red Fort (2007), and Humayun's Tomb (1993) - are UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Delhi. India Gate, while iconic, is not a UNESCO World Heritage Site. These represent Delhi's rich Mughal and pre-Mughal architectural heritage.

Masjid-i-Jahan Numa, commonly known as Jama Masjid, was commissioned by Shah Jahan and completed in 1656. Its name translates to 'World-reflecting Mosque'. It was the largest mosque in India at the time of construction and remains one of Shah Jahan's last architectural achievements. The other options are not Shah Jahan's commissions.