International Environmental Agreements and Cooperation

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that sets binding targets for industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and entered into force in 2005.

The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, primarily chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) aims to achieve the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international agreement that sets out a comprehensive legal framework for all aspects of ocean use and management.

The Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

The Stockholm Convention is an international agreement that aims to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

CITES regulates the international trade of endangered, threatened, and vulnerable species of wild fauna and flora.

The Rotterdam Convention aims to reduce the risks and impacts of hazardous chemicals in international trade.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety regulates the transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), living modified organisms (LMOs), and transgenic organisms.

The Minamata Convention aims to reduce the risks and impacts of mercury and its compounds on human health and the environment.

The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, toxic wastes, and radioactive wastes.

The United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) aims to promote sustainable forest management and combat deforestation.

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) aims to conserve and protect migratory species.