Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Alkanes are hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms. Butane is an alkane with four carbon atoms.

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with one double bond between carbon atoms. The general formula for an alkene is C_nH_2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

Ketones are functional groups that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond. They are characterized by the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O).

Addition reactions are reactions in which two or more molecules combine to form a single molecule. An example of an addition reaction is the reaction of an alkene with a hydrogen halide to form an alkyl halide.

The IUPAC name for the compound CH₃CH₂OH is ethanol. It is a two-carbon alcohol with the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the second carbon atom.

Cyclic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have a ring structure. Benzene is a six-carbon cyclic hydrocarbon with a hexagonal ring structure.

Alkynes are hydrocarbons with one triple bond between carbon atoms. The general formula for an alkyne is C_nH_2n-2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are reactions in which a nucleophile (an electron-rich species) attacks an electrophile (an electron-poor species) and replaces a leaving group. SN2 reactions are nucleophilic substitution reactions in which the nucleophile attacks the electrophile in a single step.

Imines are functional groups that contain a carbon-nitrogen double bond. They are characterized by the presence of the C=N bond.

Condensation reactions are reactions in which two or more molecules combine to form a single molecule with the loss of a small molecule, such as water or alcohol. The Aldol Condensation is a condensation reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone reacts with an enolate ion to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone.

The IUPAC name for the compound CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br is 1-bromobutane. It is a four-carbon alkyl halide with the bromine atom attached to the first carbon atom.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain one or more benzene rings. Benzene is a six-carbon aromatic hydrocarbon with a hexagonal ring structure.

Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. The general formula for an alcohol is R-OH, where R is an alkyl group.

Elimination reactions are reactions in which two or more molecules are formed from a single molecule with the loss of a small molecule, such as water or hydrogen halide. An example of an elimination reaction is the reaction of an alkyl halide with a base to form an alkene.

Alkynes are functional groups that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. They are characterized by the presence of the C≡C bond.