Vaccine and immunization - class-VIII

• Vaccines which are to be avoided during pregnancy include rubella vaccine, small pox vaccine and oral polio-myelitis vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing micro-organism and is often made from weakened (attenuated) or killed forms of the pathogen, its toxins or one of its surface proteins.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

These are the antigenic substance produced from the causative agent of disease, which helps in providing immunity against one or more disease. BCG stands for Bacille Calmette Guerin, is the vaccine provided against the disease tuberculosis (TB). It is given to 6 months old babies.

Passive immunization is the immunity which develops due to the administration of antibodies for protection from the antigens persisting in the body. Tetanus injection is given against the bacteria  Clostridium tetani. It has antibodies administered which fight this infection.

Genetically engineered (recombinant) vaccines are safe because they often use only specific antigens, such as surface proteins from the pathogen, rather than the whole live or killed organism.

Vaccines work by introducing the body to a dead or weakened form of a microbe, allowing the immune system to build antibodies without causing the disease.

Rabies, Anthrax and Cholera vaccines were discovered by Louis Pasteur

Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796. He followed up his observation that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not later catch smallpox by showing that inoculated cowpox protected against inoculated smallpox.

Some vaccines contain live, attenuated (weak or inactivated) microorganisms. Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid. The live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine contains a virulently modified strain called BCG used to elicit an immune response to the vaccine. The live attenuated vaccine-containing strain Yersinia pestis is used for plague immunization. Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro-organism to an immune system, a fragment of it (protein subunit) can create an immune response. Examples include the subunit vaccine against hepatitis B virus that is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus, the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) that is composed of the viral major capsid protein. 

A vaccine is a biological preparation which provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it and keep a record of it so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

The only available is BCG.
Children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by $20$% and the risk of infection turning into disease by nearly $60$%. tuberculosis is a communicable disease.

Many people could still be at risk of getting a particular disease example polio. This includes those people who have never had the vaccine, those who didn't receive all doses of the vaccine, or those traveling to areas of the world where polio is still prevalent. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

Vaccines stimulate the body's own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. As vaccines contains heat killed microbes which are able to stimulate immune system. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

• Vaccines are the suspension of weakened or killed microorganism which generates the immune response. 
• It provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. It is important for both, adults and children, as they can protect us from the many diseases.
  
  

Vaccines are suspensions of killed or weakened microbes or products or derivatives of micro organisms. A vaccine produces immunity to a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies. So, it is always useful.

Vaccines are suspensions of killed or weakened microbes or products or derivatives of micro organisms. A vaccine produces immunity to a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies.

These days vaccines are made on a large scale from micro organism to protect humans, animals and plants from several diseases.

A vaccine can be defined as a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened (attenuated) or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these micro-organisms that it later encounters. 

Vaccines are biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease, often made from killed or weakened microorganisms.

• Vaccines are the suspension of the live or killed microorganism which mainly activates the immune response. 
• Louis Pasteur produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits. 
• Pasteur was the first scientist to artificially attenuate viruses for use in vaccines. 
• He created several veterinary vaccines before his development of the rabies vaccine in 1885 for use in humans. 
• So, the correct answer is option C.

Attenuation is a process of injecting dead or weakened organisms of a particular disease into a healthy individual. So, as to create an active immunity against the infection. This was 1$^{st}$ demonstrated by Edward Jenner by administering cow pox virus (non fatal disease) to prevent small pox (fatal viral disease) infection.

DPT (also DTP and DTwP) refers to a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the organism that causes pertussis (wP).

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. Generally, vaccines are composed of the surface proteins of the virus, extracted from the blood serum of the infected patients.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C), 'Serum'.

A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it and keep a record of it so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microbes that it later encounter.
Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial, used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infection.
The serum is the clear yellowish fluid which is obtained upon separating whole blood into its solid and liquid components after it has been allowed to clot.
Antitoxins are antibodies that counteract a toxin.

• A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
• Smallpox vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner. It was the first successful vaccine ever to be developed and remains the only effective preventive treatment for the fatal smallpox disease.
• Hence Safe and effective means of producing artificial immunity against smallpox by the vaccine was first discovered by Edward Jenner.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Edward Jenner'.

DPT is a vaccine that stands for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. As a general rule for all newly born children, it is essential to give the first dose of DPT at the age of 6 weeks. DPT vaccine provides immunization against diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. 

The animal cell lines are cultured in the laboratory on the artificial media which requires a specific temperature. Biological products produced by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include enzymes, synthetic hormones, immunobiological (monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer agents.

A vaccine is a biological preparation which provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened (attenuated) or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it and keep a record of it so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

Lactobacillus promotes curdling of milk by creating an acidic environment. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. It is made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Human malaria is transmitted only by females of the genus Anopheles. Dengue is spread through the bite of the female mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Kharif crops are those crops which are grown in monsoon season from the month of June to September. They need more water than rabi crops for their growth and development. Broadcasting is the method of random scattering of seeds on the surface of the seedbed. It can be done manually or mechanically.