Conservation of mineral resources - class-IX

• About 95% of India’s mica is distributed in just three states of Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.
  
• Of the above options, Karnataka is not a producer of mica.
  

• An inexhaustible resource is one that is replaceable, while an exhaustible resource is not replaceable.
  
• Minerals are natural resources and they cannot be replaced by man.
  
• Therefore, the constant use of minerals at this rate will lead to their exhaustion. Thus, they are considered as exhaustible natural resources.
  

Most of the natural resources are accumulated in the remote areas of a nation. With the development of these resources, the region also get gradually developed.

Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame will not conserve LPG in your kitchen.

Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of sedimentry rocks.

Monazite is a reddish brown-phosphate mineral containing rare-earth metals.

Energy
which is generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass
including farm and animal waste as well as human excreta is known as
non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and
do not cause environmental pollution. Bio-gas is an example for non-conventional
energy. It is based upon the use of dung to produce
gas which is used as domestic fuel especially in the rural areas. This
technique is based on the decomposition of organic matter in the absence of air
to yield gas consisting of methane (55%) and carbon dioxide (45%) which can be
used as a source of energy.

Solar
energy is the energy which is available from the sun. It is most readily available source of energy.
It is the inexhaustible source of energy because energy from sun will never exhaust.
It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because
it is non-polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect.

Ferroalloys are alloys of iron that contain one or more other chemical elements. Manganese occurs as silvery grey in colour and is very hard and brittle in nature. It is always available in combination with iron, laterite and other minerals. Manganese in alloy form is an essential input in steel making and is one of the most important metals in an industrial economy

Copper is known for its metallic reddish-brown colour. Ornaments, coins, and statues have been fashioned from Copper since ancient times. Its distinct colour and availability throughout history have afforded it great significance.

1. Nonmetallic minerals are a special group of chemical elements from which no new product can be generated if they are melted.
2.  Nonmetallic minerals are, for example, sand, gravel, limestone, clay,graphite.
3. Such materials lack metallic characteristics like good electric and thermic conductivity, luster, rigor, and malleability; they are, however, essential for many industries.

1. Monazite is reddish brown phosphate mineral, containing rare Earth metals. It is an important ore for thorium, lanthanum, cerium.
2. It is found in India, Madagascar, South Africa, with large deposit of monazite sand.
3. It is from German word "monazit" meaning solitary.

 Copper:

The orebodies are formed in hydrothermal veins that are born in underground magma chambers far below the deposit itself. The high temperatures of volcanic magma creates hydrothermal veins, allowing some of the heat to escape near the upper layers of the Earth’s crust.

This is why copper is often found in the sedimentary layer, where sand and mud are compressed until they form a layer of sedimentary rock on the surface of the earth. Copper ore gets trapped in oxidized zones within these types of rocks.

 

 

 

Aluminium: 

|
Element
name
|
Symbol
|
Percentage
by weight of the Earth’s crust
|

| --- | --- | --- |
|
Oxygen
|
O
|
47
|
|
Silicon
|
Si
|
28
|
|
Aluminium
|
Al
|
8
|
|
Iron
|
Fe
|
5
|
|
Calcium
|
Ca
|
3.5
|
|
Sodium
|
Na
|
3
|
|
Potassium
|
K
|
2.5
|
|
Magnesium
|
Mg
|
2
|
|
All other elements
|
 
|
1
|

 

Coal: The plant matter becomes buried, and are no longer exposed to air. Anaerobic bacteria then starts to decompose the material. Burial and accumulation can occur for several thousands of years, producing several meters of partially decayed plant matter known as peat

 

Platinum:

The least reactive metals would be Platinum, Gold, Palladium, Osmium and Silver and in the decreasing order. The inertness of the metals is due to the electron configuration in the orbitals.

 

1. Diamonds are at the top of Friedrich Mohs scale of mineral hardness next comes topaz, quartz, feldspar, apatite, fluorite, calcite, gypsum.
2. They are incredibly hard because they have crystallized in a particular atomic shape that resulted from heat and pressure on Earth at a depth of 140 to 150km.

1. Ferrous metals may include a lot of different alloying elements.
2. Some examples are chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, manganese. 
3. Those give ferrous steels material properties that make them widely used in engineering. 

A list of ferrous metal properties:

• Durable
• Great tensile strength
• Usually magnetic
• Low resistance to corrosion
• A silver-like colour
• Recyclable
• Good conductors of electricity

Minerals are found in layers or strata in sedimentary rocks. Minerals are accumulated in horizontal strata after being exposed to high heat and pressure for a long period of time. Coal, iron ore, gypsum, potash salt etc are formed in this way.

• Minerals are natural resources which are limited.
  
• If they are continuously mined and used they will get exhausted.
• The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rate of replenishment is small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.

Kimberely.

Tidal energy is a replenishable energy. The replenishable resources are capable of being used over and over again and are capable of regeneration. They are inexaustible resources and their quantity is vast, unlimited, e.g., water, wind, plant.

The minerals found in the Monazite sands of Kerala is Thorium.

Thorium.

Gold.

Mica is a non-metallic mineral.

Gold, Silver, Tin all are used from deposits .

Bauxite

Sedimentary rocks.

Bromine.

Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone
of industrial development. India is endowed
with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India
is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is
the finest iron ore with a very high content of
iron up to 70 per cent. 

Ferrous minerals are those minerals contain iron - metallic in nature e.g. iron ore, manganese. Non-Ferrous minerals are those minerals that do not iron .e.g. copper, gold, lead etc.

Mica

Odisha is the largest producer of manganese
ores in India. It accounted for one-third of the
country’s total production in 2000-01.

Bauxite is an ore of aluminum, whereas Copper, Iron ore, and Lead are metallic minerals often found in different geological contexts; however, Bauxite is the odd one as it is specifically an aluminum ore.

Increase in the use of petroleum products in automobiles and engines has led to many environment related problems. The world is now searching for alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles which include biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, butanol, hydrogen, non-fossil methane, natural gas, etc.

India is critically deficient in the reserve and
production of copper. Being malleable, ductile
and a good conductor, copper is mainly used
in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. The Khetri mines in Rajasthan are leading
producers of copper.

Kolar gold fields were the only large scale gold production mines in India. It was eventually closed down in 2001 due to low grade gold production. Bharat Gold Mines LImited (BGML) was responsible for gold mining in this area.

Koderma is the leading producer of Mica. It is located in Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand. Jharkhand, as a whole, is quite rich in minerals.

India is critically deficient in the reserve and
production of copper. The Balaghat mines in Madhya
Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading
producers of copper. 

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters

In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals
occur in beds or layers. They have been
formed as a result of deposition,
accumulation and concentration in
horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of
iron ore have been concentrated as a result
of long periods under great heat and
pressure. 

Slate is a metamorphic rock, not a mineral. Limestone, coal, and calcite are commonly classified as minerals or mineral-based resources in geological contexts.

Bauxite is the most important ore of aluminum which contains only 30–54% alumina, Al2O3; the rest is a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide along with trace amounts of zinc, phosphorous, nickel, vanadium etc

Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide with a formula called Fe2O3 and has been widespread in rocks and soils

Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS)

The mineral monazite is a reddish-brown phosphate containing rare earth metals and an important source of thorium, lanthanum, and cerium

 India's largest solar power plant is located in the Kamuthi in Tamil Nadu spread over 2,500 acres (10 sq km) and consisting of 2.5 million solar panels.

Kolar in Karnataka has deposits of gold in India. These mines are among the deepest in the world which makes mining of this ore a very expensive process. 

Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters high. 

Minerals can be extracted by mining, drilling or quarrying. For minerals near the surface quarrying is done to extract them.

India is the largest producer and exporter of mica in the world. Mica deposits mainly occur in Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. 

Non- conventional sources of energy are those which have been developed in the recent past as an alternative to conventional sources of energy. These include solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy and biogas. They are renewable and therefore, inexhaustible, non-polluting, less expensive and easy to maintain.

Solar energy: Energy from sun is called solar energy and it is the most abundant source of energy.

Geo-thermal energy: It is the heat energy contained in the rock and fluid that fills the fractures and pores within the rock in the earth's crust. It is clean and sustainable.

Tidal energy: Energy generated from tides is called tidal energy. Tidal energy can be harnessed by building dams at narrow openings of the sea. The Gulf of Kuch is best suited for tidal energy.

Non-ferrous minerals are those which do not have iron content in them like copper, bauxite, etc. They play a vital role in metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.

Wind energy generation in India began since 1986 with the setting up of wind farms in the coastal areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Among the given options Rajasthan occupies a leading position in the generation of wind energy with 4031.99 MW wind power installed. Its place is after Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.

The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules.

Sunlight, water, wind and biomass are the non-conventional sources of energy. Non-conventional sources are replenishable and safe to ecology. Non-conventional means not widely in use.

• Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics  and chemical industries.
  
• Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.
  
• Due to its excellent dielectric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.
  

India is bestowed with numerous valuable mines. In terms of value Odisha leads the mineral production. Odisha has a share of 10.62% of the production. It is located on north eastern peninsular belt.

Ferrous minerals contain iron, non-ferrous minerals do not contain iron. Ferrous minerals constitute about 75% of the total production of minerals in India. Iron ore and manganese are two important ferrous minerals mined in India.

• Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide.
  
•  It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver. 
  
• Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals.
  
•  Most of the lead minerals, such as Cerussite and Anglesite are secondary minerals formed from Galena.
  

Resources that are drawn from nature and used without much modification are called natural resources. The air we breathe, the water in our rivers and lakes, the soils, minerals are all natural resources. 

Non-ferrous minerals are those which do not have iron content in them. For example, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold .

Minerals can be metallic, non- metallic or energy minerals. Metallic minerals are sub-divided into ferrous, non-ferrous and precious minerals. Eg of ferrous minerals: iron ore, manganese. they contain iron in them. examples of non-ferrous: bauxite copper. They do not contain iron. Examples of precious minerals: diamond, platinum. examples of energy minerals: coal, petrol. Examples of non-metallic minerals: mica, limestone.

Chhota Nagpur Palteau has formed in the Pre-Cambrian times and thus made of igneous rocks making it a storehouse of minerals. It is rich in minerals like coal, iron-ore, bauxite, mica, limestone, copper etc

 Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals. 

• A mineral is a solid, naturally occurring combination of inorganic substances. Metallic minerals are minerals which contain one or more metallic elements.
  
• Metallic minerals occur in rare, naturally formed concentrations known as mineral deposits. These deposits can consist of a variety of metallic minerals containing valuable metals such as nickel (pentlandite), copper (chalcopyrite), zinc (sphalerite), lead (galena) and gold (occurs as a native element or as a minor constituent within other minerals) that are used in all aspects of our daily lives.
  
• Metallic minerals must be broken apart and chemically processed to extract the useful metal from the mineral.
  

Natural gas occurs in association with mineral oil. Therefore an oilfield yields natural gas almost invariably. It is mainly composed of methane (95%) with small amounts of propane and ethane.

Metals are the elements. In the options given here only iron is an element rest all are compound or mixture. A metal is one which has shiny appearance, malleable, ductile and hard. Metals are arranged on the left hand side of the periodic table.

The most striking feature of the Indian minerals is their uneven distribution. Some areas are very rich in minerals while some others are completely devoid of this valuable asset.Minerals are rarely found in Northern plains of India.

Rajasthan is the leading producer of silver in India, primarily from the Zawar mines in the Udaipur district.

Koderma, located in Jharkhand, is globally recognized for its vast reserves of mica. It is often referred to as the mica capital of India.

Mica is famously found in the Koderma district of Jharkhand. The other statements are factually incorrect regarding the specific geological formations and mineral associations mentioned.

India has plenty of atomic minerals. Atomic power is generated using these atomic minerals. Atomic power decides the status and might of a nation. Atomic power was used only for a country’s defense in the earlier days. But today, it is being widely used for power generation. The important atomic minerals found in India are Uranium, Thorium, Beryllium, Lithium etc. Thorium is found in Kerala, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan.

The Sukinda Valley in the Jajpur district of Odisha, which is near Cuttack, contains the vast majority of India's chromite reserves.

Jadugoda, located in Jharkhand, is the site of India's first uranium mine. It is a critical location for the country's nuclear fuel supply.

Madhya Pradesh is historically considered one of the richest states in India regarding mineral wealth, particularly due to its significant deposits of coal, copper, and diamonds.

Manganese is often called the 'Jack of all trades' in the industrial sector because it is essential for the production of iron and steel, as well as in chemical and battery industries.

• Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition.
  
• Minerals are referred to as naturally occurring because they are formed through natural geological processes.

Mica is a shiny mineral and is used extensively in electrical and electronic industry. It
has many properties which make it useful – it comes in thin layers, and is a non-conductor
of electricity and heat. 

Barium is used for both industrial and medical purpose. It is obtained from the mineral Barite. Barium is used for making paper, rubber, clutches of cars. It is also used in radiology for x-rays of the digestive system.

Asbestos is a heat-resistant mineral, which is used extensively in many industries and also for household roofing. However, it is known to be very bad for the health of those working on them, and its use is now being banned all over the world. 

• Feldspar is an important ingredient in the manufacture of glass and an important raw material as well, because it acts as a fluxing agent, reducing the melting temperature of quartz and helping to control the viscosity of glass. 
• In the manufacturing of ceramics, feldspar is the second most important ingredient after clay.

 Commonly used to make cans, foil, and laminated paper or plastic packaging, aluminum is a lightweight, silvery white metal derived from bauxite ore, where it exists in combination with oxygen as alumina. Magnesium and manganese are often added to aluminum to improve its strength properties (Page and others 2003). Unlike many metals, aluminum is highly resistant to most forms of corrosion; its natural coating of aluminum oxide provides a highly effective barrier to the effects of air, temperature, moisture, and chemical attack.

Chrome is used for preparing ‘stainless steel’ utensils. Since it does not corrode (unlike iron or copper) it is used both for making utensils and also for storing industrial liquids like acids. 

Energy generated from natural sources like wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal wastes is called non-conventional energy. It has following features like: it is pollution free, they are renewable and are abundant in nature. Among the given options petroleum is not an example of non-conventional energy resource.

Energy generated from natural sources like wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal wastes is called non-conventional energy. It has following features like: it is pollution free, they are renewable and are abundant in nature.

 Uranium and thorium, which
are important minerals found in Jharkhand and the Aravalli
ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating
atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands
of Kerala is also rich in thorium.

Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) is a centrally owned public sector,under the Department of atomic energy  for Uranium mining and uranium processing. The corporation was founded in 1967 and is responsible for the mining and milling of uranium ore in India.  

Chota Nagpur plateau is called as mineral heart land of India because the region is abundantly blessed with wide variety of minerals. Chota Nagpur plateau is located on the western side of India. It covers states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Chattisgarh.   

Uranium is an atomic mineral which is radio active in nature and has immense utilization in wide range of subjects. Uranium reserves in Bihar are found in Pichli region.

The backbone of modern civilisation is Iron ore. This is because civilisation started with the discovery of iron. With the advent of this age, the best tools and weapons were made by the people for hunting as well as for their self-protection.

Thorianite is a rare thorium oxide mineral. It has a high percentage of thorium which varies from 38 to 80%. This element contains helium and is less radioactive than pitchblend and is very harder due to its high energy gamma rays.

Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) is established in the year 1982. Main aim of this department is to increase generation of non-conventional energy.  In October 2006, this Ministry was re-named as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

Leading state in the production of zinc and lead in India is Karnataka. In Karnataka district of Bellari is abundant with minerals like zinc and lead.

Statements a, b, and d are accurate descriptions of industrial geography. Statement c is incorrect because Lorraine is primarily known for iron ore, not as a primary steel production hub in the modern context compared to other regions.

Gold is frequently found in alluvial deposits, known as placer deposits, where it has been washed down from primary sources by water.

Limestone is a key raw material in cement and iron/steel industries (as a flux). It is not a primary input in oil refining processes.

The complex geological history of the Himalayas, involving intense folding and faulting, has disrupted the continuity of mineral-bearing rock strata, making them difficult to locate and extract.

Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of minerals like mica, bauxite, copper, limestone, iron ore and coal. The Damodar valley is rich in coal and it is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country.

Bailadila, located in Chhattisgarh, is famous for its high-grade hematite iron ore deposits.

In India the active diamond mine is located at Panna, in Madhya Pradesh, which is run by the state-owned National Mineral Development Corporation.

The geological complexity caused by the displacement of rock strata in the Himalayas is the primary reason for the lack of easily exploitable mineral resources.

Rajasthan is the leading producer of gypsum in India, accounting for the vast majority of the country's total output.

Lignite is a type of coal found in sedimentary rock layers, formed from the accumulation of organic matter over geological time.

The Zawar mines near Udaipur, Rajasthan, are historically and economically significant for their lead and zinc deposits.

Magnesium nodules cover around 30%(on an average) of the seabed. Therefore they are most important deposits of minerals in the sea. India got the rights to mine them from International Seabed Authority (ISA) as it guards the Indian Ocean.

Zawar (Rajasthan) is famous for zinc mines. Zawar is a township created by mining company Hindustan Zinc Limited, for extraction of zinc and lead. An 80MW power plant provides electricity for mining zinc and lead from three major mines.

• Copper, Brass, and Bronze, otherwise known as the “Red Metals” 
• Brass is mainly an alloy that consists of copper with zinc added.
• Bronze is an alloy that consists primarily of copper with the addition of other ingredients. In most cases, the ingredient added is typically tin, but arsenic, phosphorus, aluminum, manganese, and silicon.
• Steel is different from others.

Bauxite is formed by the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, where the soluble components are leached away, leaving behind a residual concentration of aluminum hydroxides.

Panna, in Madhya Pradesh, is the only active diamond mining area in India.

The nuclear power plant in Rajasthan is situated at Rawatbhata in Chittorgarh district.

• China ranks first in world in generation of wind energy. 
  
• Denmark is called 'country of winds'. More than 25% of country’s energy needs are met through a large networks of windmills. 
  
• India ranks fifth in wind energy generation.
  

Madhya Pradesh is well-known for the Panna diamond mines, making it the leading producer of diamonds in India.

Magnetite is a rock mineral and one of the main ores of iron. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferromagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. It is the most magnetic of all the naturally-occurring minerals on Earth.

Energy minerals are used to produce electricity, fuel for transportation, heating for homes and offices and in the manufacture of plastics. Energy minerals include Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Petroleum, and Uranium.

Metallic, non-metallic, and abrasive are standard classifications for minerals. 'Precious' is a marketing or value-based category, not a scientific or geological classification of minerals.

 Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals.