Early nationalists - class-XII

Sir Dadabhai Naoroji Dordi (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and "Unofficial Ambassador of India" was a British Parsi scholar, trader and politician who was a Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest, Rashbehari Bose  was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar Mutiny and later the Indian National Army. Bipin Chandra Pal is known as the Father of Revolutionary Thoughts in India and was one of the freedom fighters of India.Surendranath Banerjee is also known as RastraGuru. Hence, these are incorrect. 

The Congress policy of pray and petition ultimately came to an end under the guidance of Lala Lajpat Rai.

• Dadabhai Naoroji was born in 1825.

• Dadabhai Naoroji was a part of early Indian Nationalism and very active in politics from 1866 to 1917.

• Dadabhai Naoroji was called Grand Old man of India due to his activities in Indian national movement for 6 decades.

Dadabhai Naoroji was known as the Grand Old Man of India. He was an Indian nationalist and critic of British economic policy in India. He put forward the drain theory in his book Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India. He became widely known for his unfavourable opinion of the economic consequences of British rule in India.

Dadabhai Naoroji Elected for the Liberal Party in Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election, he was the first British Indian MP. He refused to take the oath on the Bible as he was not a Christian, but was allowed to take the oath of office in the name of God on his copy of Khordeh Avesta.

Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil servant in the British Government took the initiative to form an all-India organization. Thus, the Indian National Congress was founded and its first session was held at Bombay in 1885.

The main objective of Early Nationalists was to educate people in india in modern politics, to arouse national politics opinion. For this purpose, they relied on the following methods:

• They held meetings where speeches were made and resolutions for popular demands were passed.
• They made use of the press to criticise government policies.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to estimate the country's per capita national income during the British rule for the year 1888. He was an Indian nationalist and critic of British economic policy in India. He also put forward the drain theory in his book Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India. He became widely known for his unfavourable opinion of the economic consequences of British rule in India.

Dadabhai Naoroji was known as the Grand Old Man of India. He was an Indian nationalist and critic of British economic policy in India. He put forward the drain theory in his book Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India. He became widely known for his unfavourable opinion of the economic consequences of British rule in India.

Dadabhai Naoroji known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political and social leader.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first man to say that internal factors were not the reasons of poverty in India but poverty was caused by the colonial rule that was draining the wealth and prosperity of India. The drain of wealth was the portion of India’s wealth and economy that was not available to Indians.

In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the 'drain of wealth' theory in which he stated that the Britain was completely draining India. He mentioned this theory in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He put forward the idea that Britain was draining and bleeding India and that, too, for nothing.

The early phase of the Indian National Congress (1885-1905) was dominated by leaders who believed in constitutional methods, petitions, and persuasion, and they are known as the Moderates.

Dadabhai Naoroji powerfully stressed the Swaraj as the goal of Indian People. In Calcutta session of 1906, under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji, Congress adopted Swaraj or self-government as the goal of Indian people. But in actuality he meant self governing British colonies. He was also an Indian nationalist and critic of British economic policy in India

In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the ‘drain of wealth’ theory in which he stated that the Britain was completely draining India. He mentioned this theory in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He put forward the idea that Britain was draining and bleeding India and that, too, for nothing.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 in Pune to train national missionaries for the service of the country.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first man to say that internal factors were not the reasons of poverty in India but poverty was caused by the colonial rule that was draining the wealth and prosperity of India. In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the ‘drain of wealth’ theory in which he stated that the Britain was completely draining India. He mentioned this theory in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. Further in his book , he stated the loss of 200-300 million pounds of revenue to Britain. Dadabhai Naoroji considered it as a major evil of British in India.

Dadabhai Naoroji. Dadabhai Naoroji  known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political and social leader.

The prominent members of the moderates were:-

• D E Wacha
• S N Banerjee
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Indian National Congress was formed in 1885. It was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. The early political leaders of Indian National Congress dominated Congress from 1885-1905. During this period, the Congress Party passed fairly moderate reform resolutions, though many within the organization by 1905 were becoming radicalized by the increased poverty that accompanied British imperialism.

from 1885 to 1905, the Congress was led by a group of leaders known as the Early Nationalists. They were staunch believers in open minded and moderate politics. So they called the moderates.

Indian Council Act of 1892 laid the foundation of parliamentary system in India. It increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the Central and provincial legislative councils, but maintained official majority in them. It also gave them the power of discussing budget and addressing questions to the executive.

Their constitutional demands were:

1. Abolition of the India Council Act.
2. Expansion of the legislative council and Legislative Assemblies, both Central and Provincial.
3. Increase in the membership of Indians by including some members elected by local bodies like chambers of commerce, universities, etc. in these councils and by giving greater powers to them. They demanded Indian control over the public purse and raised the slogan "No taxation without representation".
4. By the beginning of the 20th century, they demanded for Swaraj (self-rule) within the British Empire similar to the self-governing colonies in Canada and Australia.
5. Adequate representation of Indians in the executive council of the Viceroy and those of the governors.

Surendranath Banerjee was born in Calcutta (Kolkata), in the province of Bengal to a Bengali Brahmins family. He was deeply influenced in liberal, progressive thinking by his father Durga Charan Banerjee, a doctor. Banerjee was educated at the Parental Academic Institution and at the Hindu College. After graduating from the University of Calcutta, he traveled to England in 1868, along with Romesh Chunder Dutt and Behari Lal Gupta, to compete in the Indian Civil Service examinations. He cleared the competitive examination in 1869, but was barred owing to a dispute over his exact age. After clearing the matter in the courts, Banerjee cleared the exam again in 1871 and was posted as assistant magistrate in Sylhet.Banerjee was soon dismissed for making a serious judicial error. He went to England to appeal his discharge, but was unsuccessful because, he felt, of racial discrimination.

Demands for the repeal of the Arms Act and the License Act were part of the administrative reforms sought by the early nationalists to reduce the repressive nature of British rule.

Dadabhai Naroji the Grand Old Man of India, was of the opinion that the British were basically just and good. He wanted to place the true state of affairs in India before the people of England.

Dadabhai Naoroji is widely known as the Grand Old Man of India for his pioneering work in exposing the economic drain of India under British rule.

The Early Nationalists defended civil rights whenever the British
government tried to curtail them. In fact it was because of the
political work done by the Early Nationalists that democratic ideas
began to take root among Indians.

Moderates believed in constitutional and peaceful methods. They aimed at administrative and constitutional reforms and  wanted more Indians in the administration. To bring political awareness among the people they held meetings and discussions on social, economic and cultural matters. The early Nationalists used press for criticizing the worng policies of the government.  

The Early Nationalists defended civil rights whenever the British government tried to curtail them. In fact it was because of the political work done by the Early Nationalists that democratic ideas began to take root among Indians.

The Moderates made the following demands in the administrative sphere:

1. Demand for simultaneous Indian Civil Service examinations in England and India.
2. Complete separation of the executive and the judiciary. They made this demand to protect Indians from arbitrary acts by the police and the bureaucracy.
3. Increase in the powers of the municipal bodies and reduction of official control over them.
4. Repeal of the Arms Act and Licence Act.
5. Wider employment of Indians in the higher grades of administrative services.
6. Spread of primary education among the masses.
7. Improvement of the police system to make it honest, efficient and popular.

The method, popularly known as Constitutional Agitation Method followed by the early Nationalists. They believed in the policy of Constitutional agitation within the legal framework and slow orderly politics progress.

From 1885 to 1905, the Congress was led by a group of leaders known as the Early Nationalists. The members of this group were drawn from the educated middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers, barristers, teachers and officials, who drew inspiration from Western Liberal and Radical thoughts.

The Early Nationalists aimed to educate the Indian people about the exploitative nature of British rule and to create public awareness, rather than demanding immediate independence.

The Early Nationalists demanded the following civil rights:

• Abolition of the Preventive Detention Act and restoration of individual liberties.
• Restoration of right to assemble and to form associations
• Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British government on the freedom of speech and the freedom of the press.

The Early Nationalists included leaders from all parts of the country as:

• W.C. Bonnerjee, Rashbehari Ghosh, Surendranath banerjee and R. C. Dutta from Bengal.
• Dadabhai Naroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhle from Maharashtra.
• P. R. Naidu, Subramania Iyer and Ananda Charlu from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• Pandit Madam Mohan Malviya from Utter Pradesh.

The main demand of Early Nationalist under civil rights was the removal of the restrictions imposed by the British government on the freedom of speech, and the freedom of the press.

The methods adopted by the Early Nationalists had two objectives:

• Their first objective was to educate people in India in modern politics, to arouse national political consciousness and to create united public opinion.
  
• The second objective of the early nationalists was to influence the British government and the British public.
  

The second objective of the Early nationalists was to influence the British government and the British public. To achieve this objective, they made use of three P's i.e. petitions, prayers and protests. They sent petition request and letters of protest to the British government to look into the problems of the Indians.

From 1885 to 1905, Congress was led by a group of leaders known as the Early Nationalists. The members of this group were drawn from the educated middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers, barristers, teachers and officials, who drew inspiration from Western Liberal and Radical thoughts. The Early Nationalists included leaders from all parts of the country as:

• W. C. Bonnerjee
• Rashbehari Ghosh
• Surendranath Banerjee
• R. C. Dutta
• P. R. Naidu
• Subramania Iyer

The Early Nationalists leaders who led the Congress and the National Movement from 1885 to 1905 were staunch believers in open minded and moderate politics. They believed in loyalty to the British Crown.

From 1885 to 1905, the Congress was lead by a group of leaders known as the Early Nationalists. The members of this group were drawn from the educated middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers, barristers, teachers and officials. It was their hope that British would grant 'Home Rule' to Indians. They relied on the solemn pledges made by the British government.

Demands of Early Nationalists were divided in to four parts:

• Constitutional Reforms
• Economic Reforms
• Administrative Demands
• Defence of Civil Rights

• Repeal of the Arms act and License act
• Indianisation of services by taking exams of Indian Civil Services in India and England.
• Spread of primary education among the masses
• Increase in the power of local bodies and reduction of official control over them.

The objective of the Early Nationalists was to influence the British government and the British public. To achieve this objective,  they followed some methods, three P's was one of them.
They made use of three P's i.e. Petitions, Prayers and Protests. they sent petitions, requests and letters of protest to the British government to look into the problems of the Indians.

From 1885 to 1905, the Congress was led by a group of leaders known as
the Early Nationalists. The members of this group were drawn from the
educated middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers,
barristers, teachers and officials, who drew inspiration from Western
Liberal and Radical thoughts.

The social ills in Early Nationalists phase were:

• Sati
• Untouchability
• Child marriage

• The Early Nationalists had faith in the sense of justice, fair play, honesty and integrity of the British.
• It was their hope that the British would grant Home Rule to Indians.
• They relied on the solemn pledges made by the British government.
• They believed that the British rule had many benefits for example: it aided in cleansing social ills like sati, untouchability and child marriage.

The efforts of the early Nationalists led to  the following reforms:

• The appointment of a Public Service Commission in 1886.
• A resolution of the House of Commons (1893)  for simultaneous examination for the ICS in London and India.
• Appointment of the Welby Commission on Indian Expenditure (1895).
• The Indian Councils Act of 1892.                                     

The Early Nationalists leaders who led the Congress and the National Movement from 1885 to 1905 were staunch believers in open-minded and moderate politics. They believed in loyalty to the British Crown. B.C. Pal an early nationalists leader, said in 1887, "I am loyal to the British government because with me loyalty to the British government is identical with loyalty to my own people and my own country".

Servants of India Society was founded in 1915 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Its aim was to unite and train Indians of different ethnicities and religions in welfare work. It was the first secular organization in that country to devote itself to the underprivileged, rural and tribal people, and other social causes.

Dadabhai Naoroji’s mentioned the concept of drain of wealth from India during British rule in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He made an estimate of drain which was around Rs 8 million. He observed that the drain consists of the remittances by European Officials, their expenditure in England, pensions and salaries paid in England, etc.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the president of the INC three times (1886, 1893, 1906). Annie Besant started the Home Rule League. Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society. Sri Aurobindo was an extremist who later turned to spiritualism.

Dadabhai Naoroji’s mentioned the concept of drain of wealth from India during British rule in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. He made an estimate of drain which was around Rs 8 million. He observed that the drain consists of the remittances by European Officials, their expenditure in England, pensions and salaries paid in England, etc.

Dadabhai Naoroji formulated the 'Drain Theory' and famously used the phrase 'Bleeding India White' to describe the economic exploitation of India by the British.

Al Hilal was a weekly Urdu language journal established by the Indian leader Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. He began publishing it in 1912 to arouse a new political consciousness, a desire for freedom in the religious class. He called for a revival of the faith, to win the freedom represented by Islam, which was relevant to all aspects of life.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian to be elected as a member of the British House of Commons. He was of the view that Indians should participate in British political institutions and raise their voice in it. He was accepted by the Liberal Party as a candidate and became the first non-white member of the House of Commons. he represented his constituency well and raised a variety of issues like civil rights situation in India, the condition of Indians in South Africa, etc.

• Al-Hilal was  a newspaper published  by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Al-Hilal was used to criticize British Government in India
• It was a weekly Urdu newspaper
• So the correct option is A.
  

The author of 'A Nation in the Making' was Surendanath Banerjee. It is his autobiography and also a commentary on public life. It was published in 1925.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the first national leader to raise the issue of the salt tax in the Imperial Legislative Council, arguing that it was a regressive tax on the poor.

Mahatma Gandhi held Gokhale in high regard, famously describing him as the 'Ganges' of Indian politics, symbolizing purity and a source of inspiration.

The National Liberal Federation was founded by Surendranath Banerjee and other moderate leaders who left the Indian National Congress after the rise of the extremist faction.

The majority of the moderate leaders were educated professionals, such as lawyers, journalists, and teachers, who were concentrated in urban centers like Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.

• Chittaranjan
  Das, a revolutionary freedom fighter, was endearingly called ‘Deshabandhu’
  (Friend of the Nation). Born on 5 November 1870 in Calcutta, he belonged to an
  upper middle-class family of Telirbagh, in Dacca district.
• Chittaranjan’s
  patriotic ideas were greatly influenced by his father, Bhuban Mohan Das, a
  reputed Solicitor of the Calcutta High Court. It was Bankim Chandra who
  influenced him in his political ideas. It was not before 1917 that Das came to
  the forefront of nationalist politics. In that year he was invited to preside
  over the Bengal Provincial Conference held at Bhowanipore. His political career
  was brief but meteoric. In the course of only eight years he rose to all-India
  fame by virtue of his intense patriotism, sincerity and oratorical power.

The economic issues raised by the Early Nationalists were:

1. Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants against unjust demands of the zamindars (hereditary land owners).
2. Reduction in expenditure on the army, and the money thus saved to be spent on welfare activities such as health and education.
3. An enquiry into India's growing poverty and famines.
4. Availability of cheap credit to peasants through agricultural banks.
5. Development of banking, irrigation, medical and health facilities for the people.
6. Industrial growth through trade protection. That meant that a heavy tax should be imposed on imported goods and the government should give loans for the development of iron, coal, paper and sugar industries in India.
7. Total abolition of the salt tax and the duty on sugar.

Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was the first Indian to contest an election to the British House of Commons in 1892, although he was unsuccessful.

Moderates believed in constitutional and peaceful methods. They aimed at administrative and constitutional reforms and  wanted more Indians in the administration. To bring political awareness among the people they held meetings and discussions on social, economic and cultural matters. The early Nationalists used press for criticizing the worng policies of the government.  

Naoroji published Poverty and un-British Rule in India in 1901. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to the draining of India's wealth into Britain. He was also a member of the Second International along with Kautsky and Plekhanov.

Demands of Early Nationalists were divided in to four parts:

• Constitutional Reforms
• Economic Reforms
• Administrative Demands
• Defence of Civil Rights

• Availability of cheap credits to peasants through agricultural banks.
• Development of banking, irrigation, medical and health facilities for the people.
• Total abolition of Salt tax and the duty on sugar.
• An enquiry into India's growing poverty and famines.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune on June 12, 1905, with the goal of promoting social and human development.

During the first twenty years of its inception the Congress was completely controlled by the liberal leaders known as the Moderates. They believed that British rule should continue in India as it was gradually preparing the Indians to be capable for self rule. Their objective was to reform legislature. They demanded Wider employment of Indians in higher public services, Establishment of representative institutions, more funds for technical education, cuts in military expenditure, etc.

The Indian National Association also known as Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876. The objectives of this Association were "promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people". The Association attracted educated Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the country, and became an important forum for India's aspirations for independence. It later merged with the Indian National Congress.

The methods used by the Early Nationalists of passing resolutions and sending petitions were seen as inadequate by critics who argued that they depended on the generosity of the British instead of relying on their own strength and challenging the imperialist might. They failed to realise that British and Indian interests clashed with each other and that Britain was using India's resources to increase its wealth. The Early Nationalists failed to draw the masses into the mainstream of the national movement such that their area of influence remained limited to urban educated Indians. In particular, their leadership comprised only members of professional groups such as lawyers, doctors, journalists and teachers.

The early nationalists used constitutional agitation, petitions, and public discourse to expose the contradictions and injustices of British rule, thereby undermining its moral legitimacy.

Dadabhai Naoroji is widely recognized as the first leader to systematically build and promote the freedom struggle, laying the groundwork for the Indian National Congress.

The Servants of India Society aimed to prepare selfless workers and train national missionaries to serve the country, combining both objectives mentioned in the options.

Dadabhai Naoroji's 'Drain of Wealth' theory posited that a significant portion of India's wealth was being exported to Britain without any equivalent return, leading to the impoverishment of India.