Rural economy - class-XI

As per the recommendations of the Working Group on Rural Banks, the regional rural banks were established in 1975 for supplementing the commercial banks and co-operatives in supplying rural credit.

Among landless rural labourers though the facilities like electricity and water, education to children is important but the primary goal would become to have more days of work with better wages

Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas.

Key issues in rural development includes Development of Infrastructure, Alleviation of Poverty, Land Reforms, development of education, employment etc

Minimum Support Price is the price at which government purchases crops from the farmers, whatever may be the price for the crops. Minimum Support Price is an important part of India’s agricultural price policy.

It is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to ensure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices.

Minimum support price was first observed for wheat.

NABARD was set up in the year 1982

NABARD stands for National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. This bank deals with matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India.

Its headquarters is located in Mumbai

After independence India tried to focus on development of industries, manufacturing and public sector. In order to attain economic growth this was necessary. It was also Jawaharlal Nehru's approach of development which focused more on the growth of urban industrial set up hence more focus was given to the urban areas. 

A new scheme named as “Suvarna Krishi Grama Yojana” or “Golden Agriculture Village Scheme” has been launched by the state Government of Karnataka with an aim to increase farmers income by 20% in one year. The scheme has been launched along with International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).

The 73rd and 74th amendments have created uniformity in the structures of Panchayati Raj and Nagarpalika institutions across the country. The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in 1993.

Rural Local Governments (or Panchayat Raj Institutions)

• Zilla Panchayat
• Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats
• Gram Panchayats

The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme introduced in August 1998 has emerged as an innovative credit delivery mechanism to meet the production credit requirements of the farmers in a timely and hassle-free manner.

PURA in the shorter version of Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas to tackle the problem of migration of people from rural to urban areas for employment. It is the former President APJ Abdul Kalam, Who has proposed the concept of PURA in the VISION 2020 project initiated by him. Its objective is to make rural areas as attractive as cities are. This concept was presented by Dr. Kalam in Indian National Science Congress’s 90th conference in Chandigarh in January 2004. It’s goal and objectives are to provide India new heights and achievements, developed status and economy.

Standard of living includes all inclusive progress- improvements in the education, healthcare, transport, housing facilities also better job opportunities. All the programs formed for rural development target to improve the life of the rural citizens mainly so that they do not stay behind their urban counterparts. 

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Program was initiated under the same act. The purpose of this is to provide 100 days guaranteed employment within a year to every rural household. Only condition is that adults from these households should volunteer for unskilled labour work. Initially introduced in 2005, this act was amended in 2007 and renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. 

The Zila Panchayat or District Council or Zilla Parishad or District Panchayat, is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system. Zila Parishad is an elected body. Block Pramukh(president) of Panchayat Samiti (Block) are also represented in Zila Parishad. The members of the State Legislature and the members of the Parliament of India are members of the Zila Parishad.

Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA) is a strategy for rural development in India. This concept was given by former president Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and discussed in his book Target 3 Billion which he co-authored with Srijan Pal Singh. The genesis of PURA concept can be traced to the work done by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in the early 1990s on Taluka energy self-sufficiency.

Women self-help groups have been brought into existence to bring together poor rural women and make them financially independent.

The British colonial rule led to the destruction of traditional handicrafts, the commercialization of agriculture, and the disruption of the traditional village structure, ending self-sufficiency.

The shift from subsistence farming to cash crops (commercialization) integrated villages into the market economy, ending their isolation and self-sufficiency.

In ancient India, the caste system, lack of transport, and regional cultural differences all contributed to the limited mobility of the labor force.

A barter system is an old method of exchange. This system has been used for centuries and long before money was invented. People exchanged services and goods for other services and goods in return. The history of bartering dates all the way back to 6000 BC. 

Farmers are an important component in the rural economy.

Ancient Indian village economies were composed of various groups, including farmers, artisans, and village officials, all working in a interdependent system.

Village administration in ancient and medieval India involved various officials like the Mukhia (head), Maal Gujar (revenue collector), and Kotwal (police/security).

Historically, Indian villages were characterized by their self-reliant and self-sufficient nature before the intervention of British colonial economic policies.

 Farmers started meeting their requirements by taking loans due to widespread poverty. But due to the inability to repay loans, the moneylenders started confiscating their land. Thus, the agricultural land was transferred to the moneylenders from farmers.

Development of country was must at that time so that's why the cottage industries and the small scale industries were focused.

TRYSEM stands for Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment, a government program aimed at providing technical skills to rural youth.

Both Self Help Groups and Panchayati Raj institutions are key mechanisms for decentralization and community engagement in Indian development programs. By involving these local bodies, the government ensures that planning and implementation are more inclusive and responsive to local needs.

The slogan 'Garibi Hatao' (Remove Poverty) was the theme of the 1971 general election campaign led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi. It became a central rallying cry for her party's platform to address economic inequality.

The above statement is true.

Training to Rural Youth for Self-Employment(TRYSEM) is an integral part of Integrated Rural Development Programme(IRDP). The centrally sponsored programme was started in August $15, 1979$. The main objective of this programme was to impart technical and business expertise to those rural youth who belong to the families living below the poverty line so that they may become self-employed. Under the TRYSEM programme, technical training was given to those youth of $18-35$ age group who were living below the poverty line. The TRYSEM programme is not in existence at present because it has been merged with newly introduced programme namely Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana with effect from of April $1, 1999$.

The Rangarajan Committee recommended the National Rural Financial Inclusion Plan (NRFIP) and the creation of two specific funds (FIPF and FITF) under NABARD to promote financial inclusion. Option C is incorrect as the committee did not recommend shifting direct control of all rural bank branches to NABARD.

Alternative marketing channel which enables farmers to sell their produce directly to people include Apni Mandi, Hadaspar Mandi, Rythu Bazars

Apni mandi is found in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan

Hadaspar Mandi is seen in Pune

Rythu Bazars in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

TRYSEM stands for ‘Training Rural Youth for Self-Employment’. It is a national scheme launched in the year 1979. The main objective of this policy is to train youth in the age group for 18-35 to develop the technical skill of people under poverty line.

NREGP stands for the National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme, which was later renamed the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).

The primary objective of rural development programs in India is to improve the quality of life and economic status of rural populations, with the overarching goal of poverty alleviation.

Allied agricultural activities are those that support or supplement farming, such as dairy, fisheries, and livestock breeding. Carpet weaving is a cottage industry or handicraft, not an agricultural activity.

Kudumbashree is a highly successful women-oriented, community-based poverty reduction program initiated by the Government of Kerala in 1998.

Mahila Samriddhi Yojna was started with an objective of providing economic security to the rural women and to encourage, the saving habit among them.

It was started on 2 October 1993. Under this plan, the rural women of 18 years of above age can open their saving account in the rural post office of their own area with a minimum Rs. 4 or its multiplier.

Ryhtu bazars are alternative marketing channels which enables farmers to sell their products to people directly. Rythu bazars are usually seen in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

These markets were first started in the year 1999 in the month of January

TANWA stands for Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture. This is initiated by Tamil Nadu government to train women in agriculture with modern techniques

It induces women to actively participate in raising agricultural productivity and family income.

Greater percentage of fish production comes from inland water sources. Inland water sources are nothing but those water sources which lie within the territory of the state and it does not include open seas and oceans and border water resources.

• Regional rural banks are local level organizations operating in the rural areas of different states of India. They help in providing basic finances to the rural farmers.
  
• In India, they started functioning from 1975.
  
• The regional rural bank was set up during Seventh five years plan.