Blood and its components - class-X

Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.

The pH of the extracellular fluid, including the blood plasma, is normally tightly regulated between 7.32 and 7.42, by the chemical buffers, the respiratory system, and the renal system.

One half of blood is composed of red blood cells (consist of an oxygen-carrying protein called hemoglobin), white blood cells and platelets which are considered as solid part of blood and another half is composed of water, salts and proteins which is the fluid part of blood. The fluid part of blood is known as plasma. Hence plasma does not contain haemoglobin, blood cells.

Plasma, which is 92 percent water, constitutes 55 percent of blood volume. Plasma contains albumin (the chief protein constituent), fibrinogen (responsible, in part, for the clotting of blood), and globulins (including antibodies).

One half of blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets which are considered as solid part of blood and another half is composed of water, salts and proteins which is the fluid part of blood. The fluid part of blood is known as plasma. Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid it has about 90-92% water and 6-8% proteins. Hence a major component of blood plasma is water.

Sodium is the most abundant electrolyte, and the most abundant cation, in blood plasma. Sodium plays a large role in maintaining water balance in the blood and in the tissues.The body monitors sodium and the volume of blood; sensors in certain parts of the body, such as the blood vessels and kidney, tell the kidneys whether to increase or decrease the excretion of sodium and water. Sodium also plays an important role in the functioning of nerve and muscle cells. Sodium and potassium traveling back and forth across the membranes of cells generate a charge, which can cause a muscle cell to contract or a nerve cell to transmit a signal.

Blood proteins are different types of proteins found in blood plasma. These include majorly albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and other regulatory proteins which function as enzymes or hormones. Albumin alone accounts for 55% of the total blood proteins and is acidic in nature. It creates and maintains osmotic pressure of plasma and also helps in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulin is slightly basic and accounts for 38% of blood proteins. It participates in immune system. Fibrinogen comprises 7% of blood proteins and help in blood clotting.

Blood plasma contains dissolved proteins (6–8%) (i.e.—serum albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, CO$ _2$ and oxygen.

Albumin, fibrinogen and globulin are major plasma proteins in the body.  Globulins are involved in defense mechanisms of the body. These transport ions, hormones, and lipids helping in immune function. Fibrinogens are involved in the clotting or coagulation of blood. Albumins are involved in maintaining the osmotic balance.

A) Urea is excreted through urine.
B) Glucose is usually only found in the urine when blood glucose levels are raised due to diabetes. This disorder is called glycosuria.

The liquid part of the blood is called as plasma. Plasma without clotting factors is known as serum. Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen are major proteins present in the plasma.

Alpha and beta globulins function as enzymes and proteins that transport compounds in the body. Gamma globulins act as the antibody defence against antigen invasion. Beta globulins are also manufactured mostly in the liver. 

Sodium is the most abundant electrolyte and main cation in the blood plasma which plays a major role in maintaining water balance in the blood and in the tissues. 

• Serum or plasma albumin is the protein found in plasma. 
• It is most abundant protein in the plasma and constitutes about half the proteins in the plasma.  
• Albumin transports hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH and maintains oncotic pressure. 
• Oncotic pressure is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by protein in a blood vessel's plasma. 
• Therefore, the increase in plasma albumin levels leads to the increased blood pressure and in severe conditions may lead to heart attack. 
  
• So, the correct answer is 'increased blood pressure'.
  

•  Podocytes are arranged in an intricate manner around in the glomerulus so as to leave minute spaces called filtration slits and slit pores, filtration occurs finely through these pores.
• Filtration is so fine that almost all constituent of blood except protein pass onto the lumen of Bowman's capsule.
• The fluid formed after the filtration of blood is more concentrated as compared to blood.
• JGA controls the rate of Ultrafiltration.

Erythrocruorin is a respiratory pigment found in some annelids and arthropods. In the genus Limulus (horseshoe crab), it is dissolved directly in the blood plasma.

blood is the bodily fluid that is responsible to carry nutrients and oxygen to the body cells and transports the metabolic waste materials from these. It contains antibodies, nutrients and oxygen. However, the nature of blood is different in different organisms. In human beings, 55% of blood is plasma which is made up of 92% water and  7% proteins and salts and carry RBC's WBC's and Platelets. The RBC's are without nuclei. In the earthworm the  blood consists of ameboid cells and hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma. Cockroaches lack heamoglobin in their blood. are thus white. Like all amphibians frogs have red blood cells with a distinct nucleus.

Blood Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. This is composed of water( 90%), ions, energy substrates, nutrients, metabolites,  antibodies, proteins, and lipoproteins. The most numerous cation in blood plasma is Na+, K+, Mg+, and Ca2+. However, Na+ is the main cation and is responsible for the plasma osmolarity.

The bicarbonate buffering system of blood is an important buffer system in the acid-base homeostasis of living things, including humans. As a buffer, it tends to maintain a relatively constant plasma pH and counteract any force that would alter. In this system, carbon dioxide ${CO _{2}}$ combines with water ${H _{2}O}$ to form carbonic acid ${H _{2}CO _{3}}$, which in turn rapidly dissociates to form hydrogen ions ${H^{+}}$ and bicarbonate ${HCO _{3}^{}}$ as shown in the reactions below.
${CO _{2} + H _{2}O \rightleftarrows H _{2}CO _{3} \rightleftarrows HCO _{3}^{-} + H^{+}}$
The carbon dioxide - carbonic acid equilibrium is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase; the carbonic acid - bicarbonate equilibrium is simple proton dissociation/association and needs no catalyst. Any disturbance of the system will be compensated by a shift in the chemical equilibrium.

The main harmful substances in the blood are urea and bicarbonate ions. Urea is the product of excess amino acids. It is transported into blood plasma by the liver and removed by the kidney. This process is called excretion. 

It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains dissolved proteins (6–8%) (i.e.—serum albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, etc.), hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation) and oxygen.

The blood is composed of a faintly yellow transparent fluid known as the plasma and floating in this fluid are numerous cells or corpuscles of different kinds. Thus Blood -Blood cells $=$ Plasma.

The three proteins found in human blood plasma are :
Albumin - which is involved in controlling the osmotic balance.
Globulins - that produce antibodies, and is thus, involved in defence purposes.
Fibrinogens - that helps in clotting of blood.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Plasma is the liquid component of blood. When blood corpuscles (cells) are removed, the remaining fluid is plasma.

One half of blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets which are considered as solid part of blood and another half is composed of water, salts and proteins which is the fluid part of blood. The fluid part of blood is known as plasma. Hence the components present in the plasma are water, salts and proteins.

Plasma is the extracellular matrix which holds the blood cells. It makes 55 percent of the total blood volume. It consists of 95% of water and 8% of proteins. The protein like serum albumins, globulins, fibrinogen etc. In addition, it also contains glucose, electrolytes and clotting factors. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Blood contains a higher concentration of proteins compared to lymph, which is essentially filtered blood plasma with lower protein content. Plasma is a component of blood, but whole blood includes cellular proteins as well.

Plasma is composed of 90-92% water and 6-8 % plasma proteins. Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins are the major proteins. The pH of blood is 7.35 to 7.45 slightly alkaline. Most of the blood proteins are acidic in order to neutralize the pH of blood.

Oxygen transport occurs primarily via hemoglobin in RBCs. The small fraction (about 3%) that does not bind to hemoglobin is carried in a dissolved state within the blood plasma.

Elastin is a highly elastic protein found in certain connective tissues throughout the body. It is mostly found in the extracellular matrix of the skin and internal organs of the body. Calcium, prothrombin, and fibrinogen are the blood clotting factors present in the blood. Blood is a fluid connective tissue it does not require elasticity hence elastin is absent in blood.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Blood achieves this by delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells while simultaneously removing metabolic waste products like CO2 and urea.

Plasma proteins like albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen perform multiple roles: they provide nutrition, maintain osmotic pressure (physicochemical), and transport various substances.

Histidine contains an imidazole side chain with a pKa near physiological pH, making it an effective buffer in blood proteins like hemoglobin.

Globulins, specifically immunoglobulins (antibodies), are essential components of the immune system and are primarily responsible for the body's defense mechanisms.

Fibrinogen and prothrombin are inactive precursors (zymogens) circulating in the blood plasma that are activated during the clotting cascade.

Globulins are involved in defense (z), sodium regulates membrane permeability (x), water acts as a solvent (w), and fibrinogen is involved in clotting (y).

Properdin is a gamma globulin protein present in the serum of blood. Properdin participates in certain immune functions such as it destroys foreign RBC's and is involved in the defense against certain bacteria and viruses.

Approximately 3% of oxygen is transported in a dissolved state in plasma. The other values provided in option A are consistent with standard physiological parameters for blood volume and hemoglobin concentration.

Plasma is the liquid component of blood. It comprises 55 percent of the total blood volume. Plasma is composed of 90 percent water with antibodies, coagulation factors, and other substances such as electrolytes, lipids, and proteins required for maintaining the body. 

Blood serum is liquid minus clotting elements of pale yellow colour. It may contain certain types of WBCs, antigens, hormones etc.  It does not have fibrinogen and other clotting materials. It does not take part in blood clotting. Hence if a drop of each of following, is placed separately on four slides blood serum will not coagulate.

A) Fibrinogens are responsible for clotting. 
B) Serum albumins transport hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH, and maintain osmotic pressure of the blood by retaining extra water. It also binds to many drugs.

Albumin protein in plasma is responsible for maintaining osmotic balance. Plasma constitutes about 55% of the human blood and blood cells constitute 45% of the human blood. Minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium regulate normal blood pressure. Blood clotting factors are present in blood. Serum is the plasma from which clotting factors have been removed. 

Bilirubin and biliverdin are derived from heme. The component of haemoglobin responsible for binding oxygen, consists of an iron ion, that binds oxygen and a porphyrin ring, that binds the globin molecules; one molecule binds one molecule of oxygen. Biliverdin results from the breakdown of the heme moiety of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism, caused by the body's clearance of aged red blood cells which contain hemoglobin.

Blood plasma makes up most of the blood. It is mostly water with dissolved substances in it like carbon dioxide, hormones, food nutrients, urea and other waste products. 

The plasma is a faint yellow, slightly alkaline, somewhat viscous fluid. It consists of about 90% water, 1% inorganic salts in solution and 7 to 8 % proteins in the colloidal state. The remaining 1% is formed by food materials, waste products, dissolved gases etc. The inorganic salts occur in plasma as ions. Sodium and chloride are the principal cation and anion of the plasma respectively. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Plasma is the fluid component in which the blood cells are suspended. These blood cells include 

Blood is made up of plasma and corpuscles. Plasma is the pale coloured extracellular fluid that holds the blood cells. 55% of the body's total blood volume is plasma. It contains mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones and carbon dioxide and helps in transportation. Whereas platelets, RBC and WBC do not carry minerals, other food to the body cells. Thus, option A is correct.

Plasma is the pale yellow colored component of blood that makes up for 55% of the bloods total volume. The plasma though it is made up of 95% water it contains proteins such as albumins. The anticoagulant are present in the blood itself.  Blood serum is blood plasma without the coagulant factors.

The process by which the human body controls the internal ennvironment is known as Homeostasis . The addition  or presence of any variable tends to regulate the concentration of  any substance or   body temperature towards a constant.   examples of this homeostasis is seen in Human body wherein there is a regulation of the body temperature, concentration of Na+, Ca++ ions and glucose levels in blood plasma.   According to the given table showing the intravenous injection of substances to determine the effect of each substance on normal body variables, the change in serum Na+ when substance B is injected is insignificant. 

One half of blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets which are considered as solid part of blood and another half is composed of water, salts and proteins which is the fluid part of blood. The fluid part of blood is known as plasma. As the plasma consists of water it helps to maintain the fluidity of the blood.