Location of industries - class-IX

'Industrialise or Perish' was the motto of Visveswaraiah.

Industrial inertia is the factor irrelevant to the location of industries. Industrial inertia (geographical) describes a stage at which an industry prefers to run in its former location although the main alluring factors are gone. For example, the raw material source is depleted or an energy crisis has emerged.

Capitals are the Commercials or Non-Geographical Factors which consists of Modem industries which are capital-intensive and require huge investments. Capitalists are available in urban centers. Big cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, and Chennai are big industrial centers, because the big capitalists live in these cities.

Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by the availability of many factors. Some of them are: raw material, land, water, labor, capital, power, transport, and market. For ease of convenience, we can classify the location factors into two: geographical factors and non-geographical factors.

Industries like iron and steel are located near the places which have abundant of Coal and Iron .These are termed as Coastal Regions. As iron and coal were depleted the need for imported coal and iron increased. This made factories to shift to newer areas in the coastal regions. The coastal factories depended on imported iron or coal and lowered cost of transportation from factory to port.

Iron ore and coal producing regions have a bi-directional relationship. The wagons that transported coal to iron ore regions would return empty so un-economical use. Hence the wagons would return with iron ore towards the coal producing regions. Thus in both these areas iron and coal industries flourished. E.g: Pittsburg-Lake Superior, Bokaro-Rourkela.

Factors Influencing the Location of Industries: Geographical and Non-Geographical Factors. Many important geographical factors involved in the location of individual industries are of relative significance, e.g., availability of raw materials, power resources, climatic conditions, water, site locations, labour, markets and the transport facilities.

Both statements are generally accepted in the context of industrial geography and economics: large-scale industries require significant capital flow, and banking infrastructure is a key factor in industrial location decisions.

Industries tend to develop at the place of their original establishment, though the original cause may have disappeared. This phenomenon is referred to as inertia, sometimes as geographical inertia and sometimes industrial inertia. The lock industry at Aligarh is such an example.

The first industrial policy after independence was announced on 6th April 1948. It was presented by Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee then Industry Minister.

Heavy water plant at Talcher is owned and operated by DAE's Heavy Water Board, (HWB). It is linked to a fertilizer factory owned by the Fertilizer Corporation of India.

The plant produces heavy water using the bi thermal version of the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process and has a production capacity of 72Mt of heavy water per year

 IFFCO Paradeep Plant:

The plant can produce 2 Million TPA  of  Diammonium Phosphate/Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium, 7000 TPD of Sulphuric Acid and 2650 TPD of Phosphoric Acid

                 The plant is situated at the Bhubaneswar - Paradeep National Highway No. 5-A which is about 110 Km away from the State capital Bhubaneswar. Apart from being situated at the deepest natural port on the East Coast of India, the IFFCO Paradeep plant is also close to the Bhitarkanika National Park- one of the largest Mangrove ecosystems in India.

The main centre of diamond cutting industry in India is in Mumbai.

The industry that brought forward more manufacturers in recent years by Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is Automobile industry

Textile industry contributes 14% to industrial production and 4 per cent to GDP. With employment to 45 million people, textile industry is one of the largest source of employment generation in the country. The industry accounts for nearly 13 per cent of total export earnings of India

The development of the manufacturing industries.

The manufacturing industries are a scale to judge economic strength of a country.

India is predominantly an agricultural country and 65-70 percent of the population is dependent on it for their livelihood. However, agriculture cannot support the growing population and only rapid industrialisation can solve the problem of rising unemployment. Rapid industrialisation is needed to make India self- sufficient and independent for all its needs.

The nuclear power plant situated in Rajasthan at Rawatbhata in Chittorgarh district. This power plant is situated at Rata Pratap Sagar dam across Chambal River. Average power generation of this atomic power plant is 3,140 MW.

The fertillizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers, phosphatic fertilisers, and ammonium phosphate and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen, phosphate and potash.

Nepanagar is famous for its newsprint factory (A-3). Rishikesh is known for the Antibiotic factory (B-4). Barauni has an oil refinery (C-2). Pinjore is the location of an HMT factory (D-1).

Glass industry is associated with Ferozabad (A-3). Brassware industry is in Moradabad (B-1). Slate industry is in Markapur (C-2). Handmade carpet industry is in Mirzapur (D-4).

• Handicrafts are nothing but the handmade artisanry. India is very famous for this art. Different types of handicrafts include Bamboo Handicrafts, Cane Handicrafts, Bell Metal Handicrafts, Bone and Horn Handicrafts, Brass Handicrafts, Clay Handicrafts or Pottery, Dhokra Handicrafts, Jute Handicrafts, Paper Handicrafts, Rock Handicrafts, Weaving or Embroidery Handicrafts, etc. 
  
• It contributes to a major foreign exchange.
  
• In 2014–15, Indian handicrafts exports stood at US$ 4.5 billion, approximately.
  
• Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH) is the apex government body and operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India.
  

Transport system is the means for the movement of goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations.
E.g. Road transport, Rail Transport.

Sindhri is an industrial township in Dhanbad in Jharkhand. Sindri is well known because of production of fertilizers.

Cotton textile and Petrochemical industry are the major beneficiaries of the Mumbai port.

Just like "Pittsburg", Jamshedpur is famous for producing steel in India. In 1907, Jamshedji Tata established the first steel plant of India which is known as TISCO at Jamshedpur(Jharkhand). It is the oldest and largest integrated iron and steel plant of India. It started producing pig iron in 1911 and steel in 1912.

Raw material and power: 

In determining the location of an industry, nearness to sources of raw material is of vital importance. Nearness to the sources of raw materials would reduce the cost of production of the industry.

Regular supply of power is a pre-requisite for the localization of industries. Coal, mineral oil and hydro-electricity are the three important conventional sources of power. Most of the industries tend to concentrate at the source of power.

Transport and man power: 

Transport facilities, generally, influence the location of industry. The transportation with its three modes, i.e., water, road, and rail collectively plays an important role. So the junction points of water-ways, roadways and railways become humming centres of industrial activity. Further, the modes and rates of transport and transport policy of Government considerably affect the location of industrial units.

Adequate supply of cheap and skilled labour is necessary for and industry. The attraction of an industry towards labour centers depends on the ratio of labour cost to the total cost of production which Weber calls ‘Labour cost of Index’.

Water, market and government policies: 

Water is another important require­ment for industries. Many industries are established near rivers, canals and lakes, because of this reason. Iron and steel industry, textile industries and chemical industries require large quantities of water, for their proper functioning.

The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach the market. Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods. It helps in reducing the transport cost and enables the consumer to get things at cheaper rates.

Government activity in planning the future distribution of industries, for reducing regional disparities, elimination of pollution of air and water and for avoiding their heavy clustering in big cities, has become no less an important location factor.

Mumbai is leading the center of the cotton industry in India. Factors responsible for the growth of cotton textile industries in Mumbai are as follows:

1. Raw materials: The nearby lava region forming the hinterland of the Mumbai port produces raw cotton. Mumbai is the collecting center of raw cotton for export and mills use. 
2. Port Facilities: Mumbai port has excellent harbour facilities for importing long staple cotton and machinery to meet the requirements of the mill.
3. Humid Climate: Mumbai has humid climate essential for spinning and weaving.
4. Water: Abundant supplies of water is available for dyeing and bleaching.
5. Labour: There are supplies of skilled and skilled workers in large number.

Industrial units employ about One-fifth of India's 460 million workers today.

One major reason why employee benefits have become such a significant part of the compensation structure is the evolution of the legal environment. Political, social, and economic pressures morphed into legal protection through the passage of many landmark laws that dictated the incidence and the terms and conditions of mandated benefits. Business, labor concerns, and technological innovations all added to the impetus to provide job security and protection.

Between 1900 and 1950, most of the major legally imposed workplace employee benefits were enacted. These major legislative efforts culminated into the Social Security Act of 1935. In the realm of wage and hour laws, both the Walsh-Healy Act of 1936 and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 saw the light of day. By 1950, minimum wage laws had been put in place; further, unemployment and workers’ compensation laws were enacted in most state.

The organic chemical industries get their raw materials from byproducts of mineral oil which is processed and refined at oil refineries therefore these industries are located near oil refineries.

Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely.

Reasons for low productivity of iron and steel includes which of the following reasons: 

1. High costs and limited availability of coking coal 
2. Lower productivity of labor 
3. Irregular supply of energy 
4. Poor infrastructure.
   

Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation Ltd, or SPIC, is an Indian company that makes petrochemicals. Its core competency is in fertiliser products. It has operations in power, oil and natural gas, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology applications in agriculture.

Heavy water plants are generally located near fertilizer plants. Heavy water  is used in the production  of fertilisers , so it is often seen that heavy water plants are  near  to the fertilisers industry. As the plants  are near, the cost of transportation gets reduced and use of heavy water  can be proper without any wastage.

Many important factors involved in the location of individual industries are of relative significance, e.g., availability of raw materials, power resources, water, labour, markets and the transport facilities in which labour is not a physical factor.

Different industries require different inputs. IT industries are more likely to locate where there is skilled labour i.e workers with the right skills, government activity in planning the future distribution of industries, elimination of pollution of air and water i.e favourable government policies and clean and dust free environment is also an important locational factor. In IT industry there is no requirement of raw material or transportation.

Footloose industry is a general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources or transport.

These industries often have spatially fixed costs, which means that the costs of the products do not change despite where the product is assembled. Some industries may have a strong resource orientation, that is, if the raw material used in a production process is heavy and bulky in character, it makes sense to be located close to those natural resources. Heavy manufacturing districts around the world are usually located near major coal deposits. Such a resource-oriented location is often combined with good access to important transportation routes.

Sugarcane is a bulky raw material and also perishable, i.e, its sucrose content goes on decreasing with time. Therefore, it is necessary to crush sugarcane within 24 hours of harvesting. 

The NMCC was established in 2004 as a part of the Common Minimum Programme (CMP) of the erstwhile government to provide a continuing forum for policy dialogue to energize and sustain the growth of the manufacturing industry.