Sulfur and its oxides - class-XII

Acid rain contains acids formed due to combination of sulphur and nitrous oxides present in the smoke discharged by the industries. These acids are highly corrosive in nature and cause rusting of metal assemblies. Also can affect structures like Taj Mahal by reacting with their material of construction. Moreover, can affect the fertility of soil. So, All of the above is the answer.

Bleaching action of $SO _{2}$ is due to its reduction property. It takes up oxygen from coloured material and makes it colourless.

Lead-acid batteries are made up of plates of lead and separate plates of lead dioxide, which are submerged into an electrolyte solution of about $38%$% $H _2SO _4$ and $62$% water.

Fossil fuels are made of sulphur so on burning they form sulphur dioxide as a product.

The chemical formula of king of chemicals, sulphuric acid is $H _2SO _4$. It is a dibasic acid and forms two types of salts
 $\displaystyle NaHSO _4$ (sodium hydrogen sulphate) and $\displaystyle Na _2SO _4$ (sodium sulphate).

$\text{sulphur dioxide can dissolve the limestone.}$

Sulphuric acid is oxidising agent and can not be used in white paint as it may react with some materials and produce sulphides which are usually coloured.

$H _2SO _4$ acid can act as oxidising agent when it is concentrated and can also sulphonate aromatic compounds.

Sulfur dioxide is the product of the burning of sulfur or of burning materials that contain sulfur.  It is produced by petrol combustion, coal combustion, petrolrefining and smelting operation.

The most important man-made sources of sulfur dioxide are fossil fuel combustion, smelting, manufacture of sulfuric acid, conversion of wood pulp to paper, incineration of refuse and production of elemental sulfur.

The air pollution by $SO _2$ can cause Corneal haze, breathing difficulty, airways inflammation, eye irritation, psychic alterations, pulmonary oedema, heart failure and circulatory collapse in human beings.  

Fuel additives such as calcium additives and magnesium carboxylate may be used in marine engines to lower the emission of sulfur dioxide gases into the atmosphere.

Sulphur dioxide is an air pollutant that has many health effects on humans. It causes asthma, bronchitis, emphysema in humans. It is particularly poisonous to trees causing Chlorosis and dwarfing.

Sulphur dioxide is produced by both man-made and natural processes. Natural processes include volcanoes, forest fires and decaying plant matter.

Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant and has significant impacts upon human health. In addition, the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere can influence the habitat suitability for plant communities, as well as animal life. Sulfur can also be removed from fuels before burning, preventing formation of $SO _2$ when the fuel is burnt. The Claus process is used in refineries to produce sulfur as a byproduct. 

Oxides of sulphur are produced when sulphur containing fossil fuels are burnt. Sulphur dioxide is a poisonous gas harmful to both animals and plants. It is poisonous to trees, causing dwarfing and Chlorosis.

Sulphur dioxide can be formed naturally by volcanoes, forest fires etc or by anthropogenic (man-made) sources like power stations, home heating and metal manufacturing.

Since $SO _2$ is acidic in nature, $SO _2$ sinks are oxidation by $OH^-$ and deposition on wet surfaces. So, the ocean i.e. water is the best sink for $SO _2$.

Sulphurous acid is produced by dissolving sulphur dioxide in water. It is a weak dibasic acid known in the form of its salts e.g. sodium sulphite. It is unstable has has never been isolated as a pure compound.
$2NaOH+{ SO } _{ 2 }\rightarrow { { Na } _{ 2 }SO } _{ 3 }+{ H } _{ 2 }O$

Sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent in the preparation of ethene from ethanol (C2H5OH -> C2H4 + H2O).

Sulphur is oxidised to sulphur dioxide by sulphuric acid which acts as oxidising agent.

A dehydrating agent is a substance that dries or removes water from a material. In chemical reactions where dehydration occurs, the reacting molecule loses a molecule of water. Sulfuric acid, concentrated phosphoric acid, hot aluminum oxide, and hot ceramic are common dehydrating agents in these types of chemical reactions. Dehydration reactions in organic synthesis often result in the conversion of the reacting molecule from one type of compound to another, such as the conversion of alcohols to alkene.

Sugar crystals burn in conc sulphuric acid producing brown carbon residue and smell of caramel carbon.

The sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent in the reaction that removes water from the sugar in a highly exothermic reaction, releasing heat, steam, and sulfur oxide fumes.

Dilute sulphuric acid is dilute mineral acid which forms a white precipitate when treated with barium chloride solution.

Causes of air pollution in big cities are -
1. Burning of fossil fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution. carbon monoxide caused by improper or incomplete combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another major pollutant along with nitrogen oxides, that is produced from both natural and man made processes.
2. Exhaust from factories and industries: Manufacturing industries release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality of air. Manufacturing industries can be found at every corner of the earth and there is no area that has not been affected by it.

H2SO4 is used in lead batteries (A-5). Hypo is an antichlor (B-1). O3 + C2N2 is a rocket fuel (C-4). Moist SO2 bleaches by reduction (D-2).

The given statement is False.
 Major sulphur dioxides production is through following chemical processes
(1) By burning sulphur
$\displaystyle S+O _2 \rightarrow SO _2 \uparrow$
(2) By roasting zinc blende or iron pyrites.
$\displaystyle 2ZnS + 3O _2  \rightarrow 2ZnO+2SO _2 \uparrow$
$\displaystyle 4FeS _2+11O _2  \rightarrow 2Fe _2O _3+8SO _2 \uparrow $
(3) By heating anhydrite (calcium sulphate), obtained from gypsum with arbon above 1000 deg C.
$\displaystyle 2CaSO _4+C \rightarrow 2CaO+2SO _2 \uparrow+CO _2$

Sources of $SO _2$ include fossil fuel combustion by industry, biomass burning, volcanic release and the oxidation of dimethylsulphide (DMS) from the oceans. Major SO2 sinks are oxidation by OH and deposition onto wet surfaces. Sinks are the areas that can absorb excess amounts thus reducing its abundance in the environment.

$SO _2$ sinks are oxidation by $OH$ and deposition on wet surfaces. Hence, oceans, wetlands and lakes are all sinks for sulphur dioxide.

$SO _2$ is particularly poisonous to trees causing chlorosis and dwarfing. High concentration of $SO _2$ leads to stiffness of flower buds which then eventually fall off. Sulphur oxides $(SO _x)$ and sulphuric acid $(H _2SO _4)$ are related with the damage and destruction of vegetation, soil deterioration, construction material and watercourses.

Sulfur can be removed from coal during burning by using limestone as a bed material in fluidized bed combustion. 

Pickling is a metal surface treatment i.e; used to remove impurities such as strains, inorganic contaminants on the surface of the metal. So to remove this pickling liquor containing acid is used. 

Reaction: 5SO2 + 2MnO4- + 2H2O -> 5SO4(2-) + 2Mn(2+) + 4H+. 2 moles of MnO4- react with 5 moles of SO2. 2.510^-5 moles of KMnO4 react with (5/2)2.510^-5 = 6.2510^-5 moles of SO2. Volume of air = 1000 L. Moles of SO2 per L = 6.2510^-8. At STP, 1 mole = 22.4 L. Concentration in ppm = (Volume SO2 / Volume air) * 10^6 = (6.2510^-5 * 22.4 / 1000) * 10^6 = 1.4 ppm.

Because a solution of chromium oxide in sulfuric acid (also known as a sulfochromic mixture or chromosulfuric acid) is a powerful oxidizing agent, it can be used to clean laboratory glassware, particularly of otherwise insoluble organic residues.They oxidize the grease present on the glass surfaces and hence thus it can be cleaned.