Social movements in our time - class-X

Mob is a large crowd or mass of people gathered to cause disorder and violence  and resort to all unlawful means to threat peace in order to fulfill their demand or to accomplish their motive. Communal violence, Racial Violence and caste violence  instigate hatred and disturbance at widespread level. People participate in mass to show their vigour and power and to commit atrocities against another caste, group, religion to prove their superiority. These are example of mob violence wherein massive amount of people indulge in riots or violent acts and disturb public peace and security.

Communal violence, Racial Violence and caste violence  instigate hatred and disturbance at widespread level. People participate in mass to show their vigour and power and to commit atrocities against another caste, group, religion to prove their superiority. These are example of mob violence wherein massive amount of people indulge in riots or violent acts and disturb public peace and security.

Social movements are instrument of Social Change. Social movement is collective action of people either to promote or resist a change in society or group of which it is a part. Social movement is not sudden outbreak but an organised collective action followed by ideology behind the action. 

Alcohol prohibition has been the part of freedom movement. When India Gained independence in 1947 it was included in the Constitution of India as the objective. The Chikpko movement success in state of Uttarakhand motivated villagers in kannada district and they launched the similar movement to save the forests. Appiko movement as it was called in which people hugged trees to protect them from being cut for the purpose of Industrialisation and setting up of factories. Alcohol prohibition was also the agenda of Chipko movement. Coastal Karnataka movement to save and protect over exploitation of coastal region and desertion of land includes opposition of Mangalore refinery and petrochemicals limited.

Farmers movement means movement by peasants which is characterised by agrarian unrest. It is triggered by agricultural reforms and change in policies. Farmer's movement began denying land tax. Later it was extended against caste discrimination, tenancy system and bonded labour.

Women's movement demands equality of rights and position. Since most of the societies are patriarchal and have always been patrilineal where women were deprived of authorities, rights and to take decision for themselves. Such movements aim to root out patriarchal values that discriminate between male and female having been on equal footings. It is due to global women rights movement that women are now given due representation in politics, they have property rights, ancestral rights and several other social and civil rights that from which they were earlier kept deprived.

Alcohol prohibition movement are predominantly women led as it is believed by female community that the prohibition of alcohol would solve many social evils which affects family. Man under influence of intoxication and due to addiction commits cruelty on wife and children, stay away from earning opportunities and develop habits which are antisocial and unlawful.

Honour killings are acts of violence like murder committed by male members of a family upon female members who have allegedly brought dishonour on the family. The dishonour could be brought by refusing to arrange marriage, demanding a divorce, committing adultery etc. It is an ancient disgraceful act where a male member of the family had the right to kill an unmarried but sexually active female member. He is considered honoured in doing so.

The question refers to the environmental protest movement. Greenpeace is the organization, but the historical context of the 'protest' mentioned in typical textbooks often refers to the Phyllis Cormack (the boat used for the first Greenpeace voyage). However, within the context of this specific curriculum, Greenpeace is the intended answer.

The ultimate goal of the NPT is nuclear disarmament thus preventing wider diffusion of nuclear weapons. The NPT, a multilateral treaty, aims at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons including three elements: (1) non-proliferation (2) disarmament  (3) peaceful use of nuclear energy.

The nature of pressure group and parties are as follows:-

Disarmament is the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons. It is intended to reduce the likelihood of war, not increase it.

A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power whereas a pressure group is a group that tries to influence public policy in the interest of a particular case. A pressure group is an informal and unrecognized entity. Pressure group does not contest elections. They do not seek to get into power, while political parties do. The pressure group is not accountable to people.

Greenpeace International is headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Usually, interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society. Trade unions, business associations and professional (lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.) bodies are some examples of this type. They are sectional because they represent a section of society: workers, employees, business persons, industrialists, followers of a religion, caste group, etc. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members, not society in general. 

A pressure group is a group of people having a common interest. They put pressure on the government to fulfill their interest and try to influence the policies of the government for that sake. These groups do not contest in the election. Pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political power.

Business groups are involved in the activities such as employing people in lobbying for projects, sponsoring advertisements in the newspaper and signing a memorandum of understanding among different stakeholders as mentioned in options A, C, and D. However, option B stating disruption of the public transport system is a non-business, destructive activity with no connection to business groups. 

Social class differences are often structural and deeply embedded in economic systems, making them the most difficult to resolve compared to temporary or identity-based differences.

These figures were prominent leaders who worked to reform social practices, fight caste discrimination, and improve the status of marginalized groups in India.

The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant.

The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) was founded by Anil Agrawal in 1980 to advocate for sustainable development.

The World Bank withdrew its funding for the Sardar Sarovar Project in 1993 following intense pressure from environmental and human rights activists.

The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred on the night of December 2-3, 1984.

The anti-arrack movement, which started in the early 1990s, gained significant momentum in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.

Following the successful anti-arrack movement, the government of Andhra Pradesh imposed a total prohibition on arrack in 1995.

Globalisation has integrated economies worldwide, often leading to increased competition and displacement that disproportionately affects the poor and underprivileged.

The Meira Paibi (Mothers of Manipur) movement originated in Manipur as a grassroots protest against human rights violations and social issues.

Irom Sharmila, known as the 'Iron Lady of Manipur', undertook a long-term hunger strike to protest against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA).

Manipur was declared a 'disturbed area' in 1980, which allowed for the imposition of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA).

The Meira Paibi, a women's social movement in Manipur, has been at the forefront of demanding the revocation of the AFSPA due to its perceived misuse.

The Meira Paibi movement, also known as the Mothers of Manipur, is a grassroots movement led by women to protest against human rights violations and social issues. It is fundamentally a women-led initiative.

India initiated the Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) reforms in 1991 to address a severe balance of payments crisis and modernize the economy.

Present social movements typically focus on human rights, environmental protection, and social welfare. Space War is a military or science fiction concept, not a social movement.

During the last phase of the USSR, a major accident took place in its nuclear plant in Chernobyl. This caused the death of a large number of workers in Chernobyl. But more important, it contaminated the atmosphere of a very large region including many other countries of Europe. Its effects created a new awareness among the people of the world about the danger of nuclear power whether for peaceful or warlike purposes.

Conflicts of national interest caused the World War II alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union to be replaced by a Cold War that lasted 45 years. Initially a dispute over the future of Europe, it grew to include confrontations around the world. A clash of very different beliefs and ideology capitalism versus communism each held with almost religious conviction formed the basis of an international power struggle with both sides vying for dominance, exploiting every opportunity for expansion anywhere in the world.

The nuclear arms race intensified after the end of Vietnam War as more and more countries competed with each other to stockpile nuclear arms. Companies which produced these arms (called the military-industrial complex) and the governments tried to create a war panic among the common people so that they support greater expenditure of tax payers money on nuclear arms. The USA and the USSR were the front runners in the nuclear arms race.

Social movements are instrument of Social Change. Social movement is collective action of people either to promote or resist a change in society or group of which it is a part. Social movement is not sudden outbreak but an organised collective action followed by ideology behind the action. 

The anti-arrack movement, which campaigned against the sale of locally brewed liquor, originated in the village of Dubagunta in the Nellore district.

The United States conducted several underground nuclear tests, including the Cannikin test, on Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands chain of Alaska.

Dow Chemical was the official sponsor of the 2012 London Olympics, a decision that faced significant controversy due to the company's association with the Bhopal gas tragedy.

The anti-arrack movement gained significant momentum in Nellore in 1992, leading to widespread protests and eventually a state-wide ban.

The Meira Paibi movement emerged in Manipur in the late 1970s as a response to the increasing social unrest and the presence of security forces.

The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) provides security forces with extraordinary powers, including the authority to arrest or use lethal force in designated disturbed areas.

The B.P. Jeevan Reddy Committee was appointed by the Government of India in 2004 to review the provisions of the AFSPA in the northeastern states.

Following the success of the anti-arrack movement, the Andhra Pradesh government officially banned the sale of arrack in October 1993.

Arrack is a generic term for various types of locally produced, low-cost distilled alcoholic beverages, often associated with health and social issues in rural communities.

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped its first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. The bomb was known as Little Boy. Three days after the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9 a 21-kiloton plutonium device known as Fat Man.

After the failure of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), a treaty was signed in 1991 which was called the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence.

The anti-arrack movement began in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh before spreading across the state.

The U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, known as START, was signed on July 31, 1991 by U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence.

The Bhopal gas tragedy was caused by the leakage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) from the Union Carbide pesticide plant.