Gel Electrophoresis and Related Biotechnology Techniques

Gel electrophoresis is the techniques by which negatively charged DNA fragments separate according to their molecular mass and the principle says that lighter goes the maximum distance that means heavy DNA stops first as D is heavier it separates first while B at last.

Answer is option B i.e. "It must be cut by restriction endonucleases"
Electrophoresis is a method for separation of macro-molecules like DNA. Preparing the DNA for electrophoresis is an important step. DNA is "digested" or cut by restriction enzymes before being run on a gel so that DNA can be separated based on DNA size, fragment and length.

Agarose is the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae and which is released on boiling. Agarose is a polysaccharide polymer extracted from seaweed. Slabs of agarose gels are used for electrophoresis.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Electrophoresis is the technique used to separate charged particles (like DNA or proteins) by applying an electric field across a gel or medium.

Electrophoresis uses an electric field to move charged molecules through a matrix for separation.

Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules, such as DNA, RNA, or proteins, based on their size and charge.

Both polyacrylamide and agarose are common gel matrices used in electrophoresis for separating biomolecules.

Gel electrophoresis is the standard laboratory technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size and charge after they have been cut by restriction endonucleases.

DNA is negatively charged due to its phosphate backbone, so it moves toward the anode. The gel matrix acts as a sieve, where smaller fragments move more easily than larger ones, meaning separation depends on both charge and size.

Agarose gel electrophoresis is the standard technique used to separate DNA fragments of varying lengths generated by restriction endonuclease digestion.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size. DNA samples are loaded into wells (indentations) at one end of a gel, and an electric current is applied to pull them through the gel. DNA fragments are negatively charged, so they move towards the positive electrode. 

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. It is used in molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge.

A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. The DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis, a process that involves application of an electric field to cause the DNA fragments to migrate into an agarose gel. The gel is then stained with a methylene blue stain to visualize the DNA bands and may be photographed. 

CRO I has restriction sequence CAGGAC and ERA I has the restriction sequence GTAATG. When both the enzymes are used to cleave the bacterial and the human DNA, there are three fragments produced. So, only three bands will show up on the agarose gel as the restriction enzymes will cut very close. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Since DNA is itself negatively charged, it would move towards the positive electrode. In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated on the basis of charge and masses. Thus, smaller the DNA fragment farther it moves from the well.

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate macromolecules like DNA, RNA and proteins. DNA fragments are separated according to their size. 

Agarose is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments purified by gel electrophoresis are used in constructing recombinant DNA by joining them with the cloning vector. The ligation of alien DNA is carried out at a restriction site present in one of the two antibiotic resistance genes in a plasmid vector. Taq polymerase enzyme remains active during the high temperature-induced denaturation of dsDNA.  DNA fragments are resolved according to their size through a sieving effect in agarose gel electrophoresis.