Study of sociology - class-X

Socialization is the process of inculcating social values in human being to make him a responsible social being. It is the process of learning social behaviour. In society, good behaviour is expected to adopt and learn to live by the standard acceptable behaviour of the society. The values like honesty, truthfulness, and non-violence are learned by the process of socialization.

Religion is another social institution found in all societies. Religion
grew along with human civilisation. The following are its functions: 

The neighborhood is the place or area around one's home or residence. These are families that live nearby one's family and together they make neighbours of each other. One should maintain good interaction with his neighbour and cleanliness in neighbourhood.

Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and roles of their society, enabling them to live in accordance with those expectations.

Human beings are social animals who acquire social behaviors, language, and cultural norms through the process of socialization within their society.

The primary stage of socialization occurs at a young age in the Family. A child is taught discipline, hygiene, and manners at an early stage. Socialization is a learning process. Family members teach norms and social behaviour to a child so that he grows up in a proper way having regard to social rules and ethics. It is the family which makes the child aware of his existence and social being.

Human beings become social being by adopting and learning socially accepted behaviour and social values. Socialisation develops human brain, body, attitude etc. It builds up a person's "Self" in a manner. The norms and rules make people member of society and they are expected to conform to that accepted standard behaviour in society.

Home is a natural habitat for a child. A child grows and develops a personality at home. The family members play an important role in early socialization of the child. Moral values like truthfulness, honesty, patriotism etc are inculcated in a child by his close ones. The child grasp lessons taught by his family members in effective ways where he/she can see the practical application of those actions.

Mother is the first teacher of a child. A child develops a close connection with his/her mother. Mother teaches child basic values and behaviour. A child learns to speak the way the mother teaches him/her. He recognizes the accepted behaviour and understands the values that his/ her mother teaches him.

School is the place where grooming of the Child is done in various ways. A child is taught academic values and other activities for overall development. Teachers motivate students to take part in extracurricular activities to show their talent or to learn some additional qualities. It makes the child confident and courageous.

Gender socialization is the process of learning behaviour and attitude based on the difference of sex or gender. It is the societal norms and expectations from different genders. Thus males and females are raised accordingly to conform with the expectations. Because male strata in society are given the most preference in every field while women are restricted to household works. As the Society is advancing, women empowerment has become a new reality where women are fighting for equal rights and preference as that of men. Now, discrimination is removed from almost all fields of work and women are getting opportunities to show their skill and challenges in new fields.

People in the rural community live connected and interacted. The neighbourhood in the rural community have stronger relationships because the people around are well acquainted of each other, they interact on a daily basis and help each other in need. They share common problems and take stand for it. They attend each other's functions, marriages etc. Children of neighbours play and study together. On the Contrary in Urban communities, people live isolated from each other. They scarcely interact with each other and little do they know about the neighbourhood because of busy and selfish lifestyle.

Mass media is a tool of communicating information to other. In order to provide information on any particular topic extensive research is required, thus, mass media is one such agency that utilizes literature extensively. Disseminating pros of an issue is not sufficient, it requires both pros and cons to be discussed in a media forum. Whereas in school, religion or education they only focuses limited information. Whereas, mass media talks about each and every aspects of our life including school, religion or education.

Aristotle the Greek philosopher said, "Man is by nature a social animal,..." It is true because a person cannot survive alone. In order to survive, he needs to fulfill some basic needs. As human beings, we surround ourselves with people. It is not possible for a man to survive in isolation, we depend on other person. Our survival depends on another human's efforts.

Socialization is a continuous learning process wherein person learn to control human behaviour and it inculcated basic discipline in a human being. It helps people in acquiring values, attitudes, and norms at different stages of life. It starts right from birth and continues until the death of a human being. Each and every day a person learn something new and useful from around society.

Change is the law of nature or change is a universal principle. Change is the procedure by which future, meddles our life. Change has dependably been therein in the general public ideal from the great old days, but the rate of progress has been quicker than it was previously. Change has turned into a critical component of the current condition. Everything around us changes, even man changes for a mind-blowing duration. he needs to form himself. The change could be both receptive and proactive.

Schools primarily provide education. Nowadays schools are developing several activities to engage children to grow into responsible and healthy adult being. By educating children schools are contributing to the progress of society and nation as a whole. Children develop skills, art, and values and pursue a career in their skills of interest. Schools role cannot be denied in educating and progressing the society.

Robert Morrison MacIver was a prominent Scottish-American sociologist known for his work on social structure and the nature of society.

"coexistence" describes societies [communities] in which diversity is embraced for its positive potential; equality is actively pursued; and interdependence between different groups recognized. As such coexistence is not mere tolerance but rather working together for a better outcome. Thus, co-existence is an important element for the existence and development of the human society.

Social process are the ways in which individual s and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships  and pattern of behaviour which are again modified through social interactions.  Modification in any aspect of social processes or social patterns refers to social change. Thus, social change is the result of series of social process.

The term accommodation refers to understanding, adjustment or agreement. It is a process of getting along inspite of differences. It is a way of inventing social environments which helps people to work together whether they like it or not. It consists in the avoiding and delaying of conflict with disagreeable circumstances.

One of the significant dissociative social process is conflict. It is an ever present process in human society. Whenever a person or persons or groups seek to gain reward not by surpassing other competitors but by preventing them from effective competition, conflict takes place. Conflict is a deliberate process. It does not occur spontaneously. Although it is a universal social process, its causes vary from individual to individual, group to group and from time to time. It is caused not by single factor but by multiple factors.

Social process are the ways in which individual s and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships  and pattern of behaviour which are again modified through social interactions. Park and Burgess classified it into four fundamental types of interaction such as competition, conflict, accommodation and assimi­lation.

Co-existence is needed in a country like India to achieve Unity in Diversity. If Indians who have innumerable castes, religions, languages, and culture could achieve co-existence, it becomes an ideal to the world in general. A conflictless society supports peace and non-violence. With this, one can think all are one. 

One of the significant dissociative social processes is conflict. It is an ever-present process in human society. Whenever a person or persons or groups seek to gain reward not by surpassing other competitors but by preventing them from effective competition, conflict takes place. Conflict is a deliberate process. It does not occur spontaneously. Although it is a universal social process, its causes vary from individual to individual, group to group and from time to time. It is caused not by a single factor but by multiple factors.

Co-operation is the most fundamental associative social process. The term “Co-operation” has been derived from two Latin words: ‘Co’ means ‘together’ and ‘Operari’ meaning ‘to work’. Hence co­operation means working together or joint activity for the achievement of common goal or goals. So it is a process in which individuals or groups work unitedly for the promotion of common goals or objectives. It is a goal-oriented social process. It is very important as human society and its development have been possible with co-operation.

Article 14 of the constitution of India is a fundamental right which guarantees right to equality to all persons. It says that all persons are equal before the law which implies absence of any special privileges to any person and equal application of law on all persons alike.

Darwin presented the Evolutionary theory. Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification".