Treatment and prevention of diseases - class-X

Statins are products of fermentation by yeast Monascus purpureus which resemble mevalovate and are competitive inhibitors of $\beta - hydroxy-\beta - methylglutaryl$ or HMG CoA reductase.This inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Statins are, therefore, used in lowering blood cholesterol, e.g., lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin. 

For effective treatment of a disease, early diagnosis and understanding its pathophysiology is very important. Using conventional methods of diagnosis (serum and urine analysis, etc.) early detection is not possible. Recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) are some of the techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis.

Antibiotics are chemical substances secreted by certain microbes which inhibit the growth and development of other microbes. Most of them are produced by actinomycetes (specially the genus Streptomyces) and filamentous fungi. Some important antibiotics are : tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, etc.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen is a widely used over-the-counter pain medication and antipyretic (fever reducer). Paracetamol is also classified as a mild analgesic. 

When the patients get diagnosed with infection, the doctor will treat it with antibiotics. And the relief will only be achieved when you complete the course. Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.

Infections are generally caused due to weak immune system. There are various items which strengthen our immune system as they are rich source of antioxidant and several vital vitamins. There are several ingredients which are used to treat the disease caused by microbes like baking soda, garlic, lemon, ginger, etc. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Probiotics are the useful microorganism which promotes healthy digestion and strengthen the immune system. For example lactobacillus which is mainly present in the fermented dairy products proliferates in the gut and promotes the healthy digestion.

Apple cider vinegar contains anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties while ginger, lemon, honey has inflammatory property. Therefore, (c) is the correct answer.

Basically two approaches are adopted to treat an infectious disease: to reduce the effect and to kill the cause of the disease. To give strong medicine does not work always. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

Treatment of mild or moderate symptoms can be done with or without medicine but severe symptoms require medicinal use. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

Depending on the symptoms of the disease, the medicine will reduce fever and pain but it won't kill the organism completely. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

For complete recovery, it is essential that medicine specific to disease-causing microbes is taken. A virus needs to be treated using antiviral drugs, antibiotics and antiprotozoal will have no effect on the virus. Therefore, (c) is the correct answer.

The Sushruta Samhita is an important classical sanskrit text on medicine, which is considered to be one of the earliest major works related to the detailed study of medicine and surgery. Written by Sushruta, it is commonly dated to the period of 6th century BC. 

Symptomatic treatment addresses the symptoms rather than the root cause. This involves medicines to relieve symptoms and sometimes surgery to correct underlying issues. Vaccines are preventive, not symptomatic treatments. The answer combines medicine and surgery as both can treat symptoms.

The medical approach to curing an existing infection is referred to as the principle of treatment, which aims to eliminate the pathogen.

Vinegar, yogurt (probiotics), and hydrogen peroxide can all exhibit antimicrobial properties that help inhibit or kill certain bacteria, serving as alternative or supplementary treatments.

The basic principle of treatment involves reducing symptoms, removing the underlying cause (like the pathogen), and preventing recurrence or further complications.

Antibiotics are designed to target bacterial processes (like cell wall synthesis). Viruses do not have these structures, so antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.

Embryonated eggs$\rightarrow $  Mouth $\rightarrow $ Intestine$\rightarrow $  Liver$\rightarrow $ 
($2^{nd}$ stage larva )
Heart $\rightarrow $ Lungs $\rightarrow $ trachea $\rightarrow $ Phyarynx $\rightarrow $ Intestine 
($4^{th}$ stage larva )

Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious condition, that causes swelling in the liver and brain. Reye's syndrome most often affects children and teenagers recovering from viral infection (flu or chickenpox). Aspirin has been linked with Reye's syndrome and should be used in caution, while giving to children or teenagers, while recovering from viral infections. Aspirin is a  pain killer or analgesic.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Analgesics'.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones, that bind to the glucocorticoid receptors. They are a part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity or inflammation down. They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease and sepsis.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'All of the above'.

In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of dosage forms—techniques used to enclose medicines—in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. Capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents, such as animal protein (mainly gelatin) or plant polysaccharides or their derivatives (such as carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose). Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution including plasticizers such as glycerin or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment. Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. 

An anesthetic is a drug that blocks the pathway of the motor nerve that carries the response to the effector and the sensory nerves that carries the stimulus from the effectors. Anesthetics differ from analgesics, which relieve pain without eliminating sensation. These drugs are generally administered to facilitate surgery.

We know that, illness occurs first. Then, patient goes to the doctor and after consultation with him undergoes treatment to finally attain recovery.

Aspirin is salicylate. It works by reducing the substances in the body that cause pain, fever and inflammation. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, which works by reducing the hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and a fever reducer.
So, the correct answer is  'All of the above'.

The antipyretic is the drug which is mainly used to reduce fever. Analgesic is the drugs which are used to reduce pain. Aspirin is an analgesic and antipyretic both because it is used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation. It is also used long-term to help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots. It is ineffective for those pains caused by muscle cramps, bloating, gastric distension, or acute skin irritation.

Public hygiene may be described as the activity which is associated with the population or the public to maintain cleanliness and good health. The drinking water should be kept clean which prevents the transmission of the water-borne diseases in the population. This is considered as a part of public hygiene. 

An individual can take following precautions to avoid infection: avoid physical contact, cover face with mask to prevent droplet infection and airborne infection. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

Old age is not illness. It includes progressive deterioration of the structure and functions of cells, tissue, organs and organs systems. With increasing age, the efficiency of heat decreases and consequently, the blood going the brain and kidney is reduced to 80% and 42% respectively. Arthritis, weak eyesight, less secretion of digestive juices etc. are some degenerative diseases. Cessation of mitosis is not a genetically programmed event.