British and Scottish History 1500-1760: Tudors to the Jacobite Rebellions

The Glencoe massacre caused more Highlanders to support James II and his descendants as the rightful kings of Scotland. In the Glencoe massacre, all MacDonald men, women and children under the age of 70 were killed by the Campbell soldiers on the order of King William III. The MacDonald clan felt betrayed by William III and began supporting the descendants of James II as the rightful kings of Scotland.
Thus, option A is correct. 

Highland custom stated that feuding between clans had to be stopped when one clan was showing hospitality to another. The Campbells lived with the MacDonalds for two weeks and afterwards, killed all MacDonald men, women and children under 70.
Thus, option C is correct. 

The Highland Scots did not like being ruled from London. They supported the return of James. The Highland Scots had supported James II and his descendants after the Glen Coe massacre of 1692. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

Bonnie Prince Charlie was the son of James Edward Stuart. He was also known as the 'Young Pretender' and had participated in the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. In 1746, he fled to France to escape the English Army after the rebellion had failed. 
Thus, option A is correct. 

William III wanted all Scottish clans to swear allegiance to him after he became King. When the MacDonald clan under Maclain got late in making their oath to him, he decided to create an example out of them. He sent 120 troops to the MacDonalds' homes and ordered the murder of all MacDonald men, women and children under the age of 70. Thus, option C is correct. 

Highland Scots were Catholic and the Lowland Scots were Presbyterians. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

According to the Highland custom, feuding between clans had to be stopped when one clan was showing hospitality to another. Due to this, the Campbells lived with the MacDonalds for two weeks. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

In 1715, James Edward Stuart, the son of James II, claimed the throne of Scotland. 
Thus, option B is correct.

In July 1745, Bonnie Prince Charlie (also known as the Young Pretender), landed in Scotland and joined the second Jacobite rebellion. However, the rebellion failed. 

The Stuarts were based in Paris during the second Jacobite rebellion. They got the support of the French King Louis XV. 

The Field of the Cloth of Gold was a lavish diplomatic summit held in 1520 between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France, designed to strengthen their alliance.

Robert Aske led a rebellion against the closure of monasteries by Henry VIII during 1536-1539. Aske entered into negotiations with the Duke of Norfolk and Henry promised to listen to the rebels. The rebels disbanded and in 1537, they were arrested by Norfolk and executed. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

Bonnie Prince Charlie landed in Scotland in July 1745 to join the second Jacobite rebellion. He made his way to Glenfinnan and called for the Scots to support his rebellion. He gained support from some Scottish clans and soon had an army of about 4000 men.

Option A - Pope Clement denied an annulment mainly because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V of Spain, had laid siege to Rome and essentially was holding the Pope as prisoner. Thus, the Pope wanted to use Catherine's powerful relationship with the King of Spain to get out of England out trouble.
Thus, option A is CORRECT.
Option B is INCORRECT because Catherine was not related to the King of France.
Option C is INCORRECT because Catherine was not related to the King of Germany.
Option D is INCORRECT because Catherine was not related to the King of Austria. 

Option A - After the Pope refused to grant him a divorce to Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII appointed Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury, who annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine.
Option B - After the Pope refused to grant him a divorce to Catherine of Aragon, Henry broke away from the Roman Catholic Church by naming himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England, thereby rejecting the Pope's authority.
Option C - After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Wolsey fell out of favour and was stripped of his government titles. He retreated to York to fulfill his ecclesiastical duties as Archbishop of York, a position he nominally held, but had neglected during his years in government.
All of the above were reactions of Henry when he was denied divorce to Catherine and so option D is CORRECT.

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was the most powerful advisor to Henry VIII during the first half of his reign, serving as Lord Chancellor and managing much of the government.

Henry VIII appointed Thomas Cranmer as the Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer granted Henry a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. This allowed Henry to marry Anne Boleyn in 1533. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries during 1536-1539 and the wealth of the monasteries went to the King's treasury.
Thus, option A is correct.  

Henry VIII dismissed Thomas Wolsey as the chancellor after Wolsey failed to get him a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, who could not give Henry a male heir. Henry VIII then appointed Thomas More as the new chancellor.

The Tudor dynasty began with Henry VII winning the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 and ended with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.

In 1603, James I became the King of England and Scotland. However, Scotland remained independent. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

In 1637 Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to force the Scots to accept a new prayer book. The Scots refused and rebelled against Charles I.

In 1707, in a poorly attended Scottish Parliament, the MPs voted to agree to the Union and on 16 January 1707 the Act of Union was signed. The Act came into effect on May 1st 1707; the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and England and Scotland became one country. Scotland kept its independence with respect to its legal and religious systems, but coinage, taxation, sovereignty, trade, parliament and flag became one.

A civil war began between Charles I and the British Parliament in 1642 as the parliament refused to support him in his war against the Scots. The war ended in 1649 when the Scots invaded England under the secret treaty they had signed with Charles I, but they were defeated in the Battle of Preston in 1648. 

The Scots invaded England in 1637, rebelling against Charles I as he had tried to force a new prayer book on the Scottish Presbyterian kirk. However, the English Parliament refused to support Charles I and therefore, he signed a treaty with the Scots. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

Thomas Cromwell wanted alliances with Protestant countries because Henry VIII was threatened by Catholic countries. Cromwell arranged Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves. However, she could not provide the king with a male heir. The marriage was a disaster and Cromwell was executed. 
Thus, option D is correct.

In 1637 Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to force the
Scots to accept a new prayer book. The Scots refused and rebelled against Charles I.

Charles I signed a treaty with the Scots after the British Parliament refused to support him. This led to a civil war between Charles I and the parliament during 1642-1649. In 1646, Charles surrendered to the Scots. However, the Scots handed him over to the English Parliament. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

Option A is CORRECT because the civil war between Charles I and the British Parliament began due to the fact that the English Parliament refused to support Charles I in his war against Scotland. 

Option B is INCORRECT because the English Parliament exercised no such control over the King's property. 

Option C is INCORRECT because Charles I had dismissed the Parliament at the beginning of his reign. 

Option D is INCORRECT because options B and C are incorrect. 

• James II became King of England and Scotland in 1685 after the death of Charles II.
  
• James II allowed the Scots to remain independent by allowing them to keep their own Parliament and kirk.
  
• The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, who was James's nephew and son-in-law.

After the Acts of Union were passed in 1707, 16 Scottish Lords and 45 Scottish MPs entered the British Parliament in London.
Thus, option C is correct.

Charles I was executed by the British Parliament in 1649 after the Scottish and the Royalist forces were defeated at the Battle of Preston in 1648. After his execution, the Scots decided to crown Prince Charles, the son of Charles I, as King of Scotland. 
Thus, option A is correct. 

In 1660, the monarchy was restored and Charles II became the King of England, Scotland and Ireland until his death in 1685. 

English king, King William III, was known as William of Orange because he was the sovereign Prince of Orange in the Netherlands. He had replaced James II as King of England in 1688.
Thus, option D is correct.  

The unification of 1707 happened because of religion and a desire for peace and trade between Scotland and England. 

Option A is INCORRECT because the Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester, England, and was the final battle of the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian New Model Army, 28,000 strong, defeated King Charles II's 16,000 Royalists, of whom the vast majority were Scottish.

Option B is INCORRECT because the Battle of Waterloo was fought in June 1815 near Waterloo in present-day Belgium then part of the United Kingdom of Netherlands. A French Army under Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led Allied army and a Prussian army.  

Option C is CORRECT because the Battle of Preston (August 1648), fought largely near Preston in Lancashire, resulted in a victory for the New Model Army under the command of Oliver Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by the Duke of Hamilton.

Option D is INCORRECT because the Battle of Hastings was fought in 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.

After the Acts of Union were passed in 1707, 45 Scottish MPs and 16 Scottish Lords entered Parliament in London. 
Thus, option D is correct. 

Option A is CORRECT because, after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, William III was aware that some Highland Scottish Clans still supported the old king, James II. 

Options B, C and D are INCORRECT because only some Highland Scottish Clans supported King James II.  

King James II was removed during the Glorious Revolution in England in 1688. After the Revolution, James II was replaced by William III who was invited by the English Parliament to become the new King. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

Queen Anne died in 1715 and left no heirs to the throne. The Jacobites, who were Highland Scots, saw her death as an opportunity for the Stuarts to return. However, the English Parliament invited Prince George of Hanover to become king. 
Thus, option D is correct.

Maclain MacDonald was the chief of the MacDonald clan. He traveled from Glencoe to Fort William to make his oath of loyalty to King William III. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

King William III had ordered all Scottish clans to swear an oath of loyalty to him by New Year's Day the following year. When Maclain MacDonald, chief of the MacDonalad clan reached Fort William to make his oath, the Governor told him that he had to make his oath in front of the sheriff at Inverary which was about 60 miles away. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

King William III wanted all Scottish clans to swear allegiance to him before the New Year's Day of 1691. The chief of the MacDonald clan, Maclain MacDonald, could not make his oath in front of King William III before the given time. William III decided to punish the MacDonald clan to set an example to the other Highland clans. In order to do that, he ordered 120 soldiers to be placed in the homes of the MacDonald clan in Glencoe. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

Option A is INCORRECT because the sheriff was NOT preparing for an attack on the Highland Clans. 

Option B is CORRECT because when MacDonald reached Inverary, the sheriff was away celebrating Hogmanay, which is the Scottish word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with celebration of the New Year in the Scottish manner.

Option C is INCORRECT because when MacDonald reached Inverary, the sheriff was alive and was celebrating Hogmanay. 

Option D is INCORRECT because option B is correct. 

Jacobites were those Highland Scots who did not like being ruled from London and supported the return of James Edward Stuart. Some of them planned a rebellion. 
Thus, option A is correct. 

Queen Anne died in 1715 and left no heirs to the throne. The English Parliament invited Prince George of Hanover to become the King. However, he was unpopular and spoke only in German. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

Lowland Scots were Presbyterians, while the Highland Scots were Catholics. Some of the Lowland Scots viewed the Highland Scots with hostility. 
Thus, option A is correct. 

The Lowland Scots generally supported the Acts of Union and some of them viewed the Highland Scots with hostility. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

In 1691, William III ordered all Scottish clans to swear an oath of loyalty to him. He did this because he knew that some Highland Scottish clans still supported the old king James II.
Thus, option C is correct.  

The second Jacobite rebellion took place in 1745. This time the rebellion happened due to the dislike of the Scots having to pay taxes to the government in London. The Jacobites also continued to demand the return of the Stuarts to the throne. 
Thus. option D is correct. 

The 1745 rebellion was a failure. After victory, the English Army, led by Duke of Cumberland, marched through the Highlands of Scotland and killed large numbers of Highlanders. They hoped to capture Bonnie Prince Charlie, but he escaped to France in 1746. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

James I became the King of England and Scotland in 1603, but Scotland remained independent. Scotland had its own Parliament, the privy council and kirk. However, James I did not allow full trading rights to the Scots.
Thus, option C is correct. 

In 1744, the French King Louis XV supported the Stuart claim to the throne. The Stuarts were based in Paris. The Highlanders wanted James Edward Stuart on the throne and they got the support of Louis XV of France. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

The Earl of Mar, a Scottish lord, started the first Jacobite rebellion against George I, demanding the return of James Edward Stuart to the throne. On November 13, 1715, the rebels fought against the Duke of Argyll near Stirling, but neither side won. In December 1715, James Edward Stuart arrived in Scotland. The Earl of Mar asked him to leave Scotland and with that, the first Jacobite rebellion ended. 
Thus, option D is correct. 

The Earl of Mar led a rebellion against George I in 1715 as he wanted Scottish independence. He demanded for the return of James Edward Stuart to the throne. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

Bonnie Prince Charlie was known as the Young Pretender. He joined the second Jacobite rebellion of 1745 in Scotland. 
Thus, option B is correct. 

In order to prevent another rebellion in Scotland, King George II and his Parliament attempted to destroy the clan system. All clan members had to surrender their weapons. The clan members were not allowed to wear the clan tartan. The Hanoverian rule over Scotland and England was never threatened. In later years, industries flourished in the Lowlands and Glasgow and Edinburgh became wealthy trading centers. 

Charles, I surrendered to the Scots, who then handed him over to the English Parliament. He was executed in 1649. 

The first Jacobite rebellion took place in 1715. The Jacobites were Highland Scots who supported the return of the Stuarts. In 1715, the Earl of Mar led the first Jacobite rebellion against King George I, demanding the return of James Edward Stuart to the throne. 
Thus, option A is correct. 

The Scots invaded England in 1651 and were defeated at the Battle of Worcester by the English forces under Oliver Cromwell. Charles fled Scotland and the English soldiers occupied Scotland. 
Thus, option C is correct. 

In 1648, Charles I signed a secret deal with the Scots. According to this deal, the Scots would invade England to restore Charles I to power in return for an English Presbyterian church.

The Campbell soldiers stayed with the MacDonalds at Glen Coe for 2 weeks due to the Highland custom. After two weeks, the soldiers were ordered to kill all MacDonald men, women and children under the age of 70. This massacre took place on 13 February 1692. 
Thus option B is correct. 

Charles I forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649.