Greek civilization - class-VI

The period following Alexander the Great's death, characterized by the spread and fusion of Greek culture with local cultures in the Middle East and Asia, is known as the Hellenistic period.

Alexander the Great's conquests were the primary vehicle for the spread of Greek (Hellenic) culture, language, and architecture across the Middle East and parts of Asia.

Ancient empires were characterized by diversity in language and culture. The enforcement of a single language was not a universal requirement or characteristic of most ancient empires, which often allowed local languages to persist.

Alexander the Great was the son of Philip II, who was the King of Macedonia. This kingdom was located in the northern part of the Greek peninsula.

The first Persian attack on Greece failed due to contraction of diseases and lack of food. It did not even reach Greece, but had to go back. In the second invasion in 490 BC., they avoided the land route and came by sea route, landing at a place called Marathon near Athens. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest, B implies that the Persians came by land, but that was in first invasion. Air invasion was not possible as aircrafts were invented much later in nineteenth century. Hence, these are incorrect. 

The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius the Great in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revolt against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier. Hence, Option A is correct.

The long-standing conflict between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta, is historically known as the Peloponnesian War.

The Athenian coup of 411 BC was the result of a revolution that took place during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. The coup overthrew the democratic government of ancient Athens and replaced it with a short-lived oligarchy known as The Four Hundred. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest of the options, monarchy could not be established because kings were overthrown, democracy could not be established since no women and not all adults had the right to vote. Hence, these are incorrect. 

The Battle of Salamis was a decisive naval engagement where the Greek fleet, led by Athenians, defeated the Persian forces of Xerxes I.

In Hellenic Greece, land ownership was concentrated among the aristocratic class, while slaves (comprising 30-40% of the population in Athens) performed agricultural, domestic, and mining labor. Greek writers like Aristotle explicitly defended slavery as 'natural and necessary,' with all major ancient Greek philosophers accepting it as a civilizing institution that freed citizens for political and intellectual pursuits.

The Peloponnesian War was a major conflict in ancient Greece fought between the Delian League, led by Athens, and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta.

Alexander conquered most parts of the Western World, but there is a great deal of controversy over his invasion of India. In BC 327 Alexander came to India, and tried to cross the Jhelum river for the invasion, but was then confronted by King Porus. According to Indian history he was stopped by Porus at his entry into the country, but most of the world still believes that Alexander won the battle.

'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' were written by ancient Greek poet Homer. Iliad depicts the Trojan war and 10 year siege of Troy by Greek forces. Odyssey is a sequel to Iliad which covers the journey of Greek hero Odysseus to home after the defeat of Troy. Now 'Aeneid' is a Classic poem written in Latin language by poet Virgil. It talks about Aeneas (a Trojan Hero) who traveled to Italy and became ancestor to Romans. Virgil was influenced by Homer in style of writing verses, division of books and also creating family history (genealogies) for his characters.  He established connection between Romans and his predecessors Greeks.

The Battle of Thermopylae played an important role in Athens's success in the Persian Wars because it delayed the Persian army's approach and allowed the Athenians time to prepare for battle. At Thermopylae, the Persians had to first annihilate a three-hundred- man Spartan army to pass through the mountains and reach Athens. Although they were vastly outnumbered, the Spartans prevented the Persians from proceeding to Athens long enough to give the Athenians time to prepare. Although Athens was initially sacked, the Athenian navy eventually defeated the Persians.

The food shortages that occurred in Greece during the Dorian period were the result of a trend of immigration out of the Greek mainland. During the Dorian period, also known as the Dark Age, many Greeks who had been living on the mainland immigrated over the Aegean Sea to Asia Minor. This trend caused a decline in food production on the mainland that left the remaining population to endure severe food shortages.

During the Middle Ages, much of the classical knowledge of Greece and Rome was preserved, translated, and expanded upon by scholars in the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world.

During the Greek Dark Ages, while complex artistic and written production declined, the production of essential agricultural goods like olive oil continued to support the population.

Greek city-states were geographically isolated by mountains and islands, leading to competition for resources. This isolation forced each city-state to develop its own unique political, social, and economic structures, including distinct trading patterns.

The rugged, mountainous terrain of Greece made travel and communication difficult, preventing the formation of a large, unified empire. Consequently, small, independent communities known as poleis emerged in isolated valleys and coastal plains.

Sophists were itinerant teachers in ancient Greece who specialized in rhetoric, argumentation, and public speaking. They were often hired by wealthy citizens to teach their sons how to succeed in political and legal arenas.

A polis is defined as a self-governing community of citizens. It functioned as the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece, encompassing the city and its surrounding territory.

The Delian League was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens, formed to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the initial invasion was repelled.

The Archaic period saw significant growth, but the claim that the population rose 'dramatically' is often debated or considered less defining than the other listed cultural and political developments like the rise of the polis and the alphabet.

Greek culture flourished during 5th and 4th BC. The Greek culture made important contribution towards the growth of Literature/Arts/Sports. Greek cultural life were consider as the foundation of Modern Western culture.

Illiad and Odyssey are the two different books of Epic Greek Poems which describe the "Trojan War" (held between Greeks and City of Troy) these books were wrote by the Great Greek Poet Homer.

Athens is the capital of Attica state. This was an ideal democratic city state in Greece. Sparta, the city state of Darien tribe, was the military state of Greek. Athens and Sparta had successfully encountered the invasion of Persian King Darius united and defeated the Persian forces in the marathon battle. Later, Athens state organized a federation of city states called Confederacy of Delos, that took the shape of an empire. This stimulated enemity between Athens and Sparta. As a result two  Peloponnesian wars were fought against by these two states. Finally, Athens lost to Sparta and became a feudatory state of Sparta. Though Athens lost to Sparta militarily, culturally it overpowered Sparta. 

Athens is the capital of Attica state. This was an ideal democratic city state in Greece. It had monarchy in the beginning and later had developed into oligarchy. The rich were electing an administrator named Archon. A person by name Draco enforced inhuman laws in Athens.These were later modified and made human friendly by Solaan. After Solaan, anarchy set in Athens. The middle class and the working class that had emerged due to commerce, business and industries joined hands and played a significant role in removing the dictators and restoring back democracy.

Athens is the capital of Attica state. This was an ideal democratic city state in Greece. The age of Pericles is called as the Golden Age of Athens. During the time of Pericles, art, literature, science, philosophy and other fields of knowledge flourished. 

Athens is the capital of Attica state. This was an ideal democratic city state in Greece. It had monarchy in the beginning and later had developed into oligarchy. The rich were electing an administrator named Archon. A person by name Draco enforced inhuman laws in Athens.These were later modified and made human friendly by Solaan. After Solaan, anarchy set in Athens. The middle class and the working class that had emerged due to commerce, business and industries joined hands and played a significant role in removing the dictators and restoring back democracy.

Alexander the Great's troops were exhausted by years of campaigning and refused to continue further into India, forcing him to turn back at the Hyphasis River.

Alexander the Great died in Babylon in 323 BC after returning from his eastern campaigns.

Aristotle was the tutor of Alexander the Great, hired by King Philip II of Macedon to educate his son.

Both the Golden Age of Greece and the Renaissance placed a high value on the individual, human potential, and human achievement, which fueled their respective artistic and philosophical advancements.

In Athenian democracy, citizenship and political participation were restricted to adult male citizens. Women, enslaved people, and foreign-born residents (metics) were excluded from the government.

Both periods were characterized by significant economic prosperity, which provided the wealth and leisure time necessary for patrons to support artists and for artists to create enduring masterpieces.

Athens is the capital of Attica state. This was an ideal democratic city state in Greece. It had monarchy in the beginning and later had developed into oligarchy. The age of Pericles is called as the Golden Age of Athens. During the time of Pericles, art, literature, science, philosophy and other fields of knowledge flourished. As a result of this Athens was called as The School of Hellas by Pericles. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle belonged to Athens.