Polymers - Class XII

The commercial name of polyacrylonitrile is orlon or acrilan,

Uses of bakelite:

Uses of polyesters- it is crease resistant and is used in blending with cotton and wool fibers and also as glass reinforcing materials in safety helmets, etc.

On heating with formaldehyde undergoes crosslinking and form a thermosetting polymer named as$bakalite$.

Blended fibres are made by combining various fibres to enhance the property of the product. For eg: spandex and cotton is a natural mix for sports clothing and undergarments to improve stretching properties and prevent odour. A blended fabric helps overcome the disadvantages of natural and synthetic fibre.

Tetrafluorothylene $C{F} _{2} = C{F} _{2}$ is a monomer of Teflon $ { \left( -C{ F } _{ 2 }-C{ F } _{ 2 }- \right)  } _{ n }$.

Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics. They are polymer of styrene. They are used for making containers, disposable cups, lids, plates, cutlery etc. Abaca and Mohair are natural fibres.

PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) is a synthetic resin known by trade names such as Plexiglas, Lucite, and Acrilite. Melmac is melamine-formaldehyde, Acrilan is polyacrylonitrile, and Saran is polyvinylidene chloride.

Polystyrene is used to make disposal plastic such as thermocol.

$\text{Polyacrylamide gel= Acerylamide+Bisacrylamide.}$

TEFLON  -  It is an addition polymer prepared by heating tetrafluoroetane with a free radical.
      $n CF _{2} = CF _{2}  \xrightarrow[High  pressure]{Catalyst} -[CF _{2}-CF _{2}-] _{n}$
   Tetrafluoroetane                                   Teflon
POLYAMIDE  -  These are polymers possessing amide linkage and Teflon doesn't contain any amide linkage.
POLYSTER -  These are polycondensation products of dicarboxylic acids and diols.
FORMALDEHYDE  RESIN - It can refer to many formaldehyde polymers such as melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde.

For natural polymers, PDI (Polydispersity Index) is generally equal to $1$, which means that they are monodisperse. Such polymers are more homogeneous.

Crystalline polymers exhibit sharp melting points because their chains are arranged in an ordered structure. Polystyrene, specifically isotactic polystyrene, can show crystalline properties, whereas rubbers and cross-linked polymers like Bakelite are amorphous or thermoset.

PMMA, or polymethyl methacrylate, is formed by the chain growth polymerization of methyl methacrylate monomers. Chain growth polymers are also widely known as addition polymers.

Cellulose is a natural polysaccharide found in plants and is the primary component of natural fibers like cotton. Bakelite and Nylon are synthetic polymers, and rubber is a natural elastomer but not typically classified as a fiber.

Bakelite is a condensation polymer of phenol and formaldehyde. Bakelite is widely used for making molded products.  It was the first plastic made from synthetic components.

Prop-2-enenitrile is also known as acrylonitrile. The polymer formed from acrylonitrile is polyacrylonitrile, commonly known as Orlon or Acrilan.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to soda-lime glass. It has since been sold under many different names, including Acrylite, Lucite, Plexiglas and Perspex.

Soft drinks and baby-feeding bottles are generally made of polystyrene which is an addition homopolymer with a linear chain-like structure.
 The monomer is styrene.

GRA (often referred to as Buna-N or NBR) is a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or Teflon is formed from the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene.

Teflon (PTFE) is chemically inert and thermally stable due to the very high bond energy of the C-F bond, which makes it resistant to chemical attack and heat.

Acrylonitrile is the monomer used to produce polyacrylonitrile, which is commercially known as Orlon.

Formaldehyde is the starting material for the manufacture of Bakelite (phenol-formaldehyde resin), which was the first synthetic plastic. Caprolactam is used for Nylon-6, DDT is a pesticide made from chloral and trichloroethane, and rayon is made from cellulose. Note: There is a typo in option A ("backelite" should be "Bakelite").

Orlon is an addition polymers as its molecular mass is integral multiple of molecular mass of its monomer.

Teflon is an addition polymer of tetrafluoroethylene.

Thermosetting polymers have a net-like structure because of the presence of cross-links between different polymeric chains. Among the given only melanin polymer is a thermosetting polymer, so it has a net-like structure. 

 It is produced by addition polymerization. Water acts as a catalyst. The monomer used is tetrafluoroethylene. It is obtained from chloroform.

The name acrylite is associated with PMMA.
PMMA is polymethyl methaacrylate. It is an addition homopolymer of methyl methacrylate ($\displaystyle CH _2 =C(CH _3)COOCH _3 $). It is known as plexiglass.

Nylon threads are polymer of polyamides obtained by condensing amides and /or carboxylic acids 
Examples are nylon - $6$, nylon - $6,: 6$.

PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) is a widely commercially used bio-degradable polymer. It has excellent light transmission properties, due to which it is used for making lenses and light covers. 

(A) Rayon:- Cellulose, organic polymer

Polymethyl methacrylate is also known as plexi glass.
PMMA is polymethyl methaacrylate. It is an addition hopolymer of methyl methacrylate ($\displaystyle CH _2 =C(CH _3)COOCH _3 $).
PMMA is used in decorative articles, lenses, sign borads and aircraft windows.

The condensation polymers are formed by repeated condensation reaction between two different bi-functional or tri-functional monomeric units. 

Polyamides are generally fibers because of the intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding which gives them high tensile strength.

Urea-formaldehyde resins are commonly used as adhesives in the production of plywood and particle board.

$PTFE$ (Poly tetra fluoro ethylene) is very sensitive and is therefore not suitable for applications involving exposure of any radiation as it will degrade.

Teflon even when melted do not flow instead it behaves as a gel due to absence of crystalline phase and high melting point so manufactures finds a bit difficulty to make teflon stick to metal of pan.

Vinyl cyanide $ \displaystyle (CH _2=CH-CN)$ is the monomer that is used in preparation of orlon.

When chloroform is treated with antimony trifluoride and $HF$, 2 chlorine atoms are replaced with 2$ F$ atoms. 

Terylene fibres are made up of polyesters as they have repeating $-O-\underset { \parallel \ O }{ C } -$-group.

The polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (F2C=CF2) results in polytetrafluoroethylene, commonly known as Teflon.