Bee keeping - class-XI

Honey is a product of Apiculture which is used in various medicinal preparations due to its antibacterial properties, it is used as a base or solvent in many medicinal preparations.It is also used in cosmetic industry. Example- cough syrups

The composition of honey is levulose (sugar) - 38.9%, dextrose - 21.28%, maltose and other sugars - 8.81%, enzymes and pigments - 2.21%, ash - 1.0%, water - 17.20%.

Honey bees are flying insects which help in pollination of flowers. It is very attracted to yellow-orange coloured flowers. It widely produces honey which has a high nutritive value and edible. It is used in the production of medicines, wax, polishes, cosmetics, waterproofing agents and as a lubricant.

Apiculture or bee keeping is the maintenance of bee hives for honey production. Beeswax is the another production of honey bees which is used in making various polishes and cosmetic products, 

The female queen bee produces new offspring by laying eggs that have been fertilized by sperm from male drones. These drones are raised in cells that are significantly larger than the cells used for workers. A type of asexual reproduction in which egg develops without fertilization to form a new individual. If parthenogenesis (type of asexual reproduction in which egg develops without fertilization to form a new individual) takes place in bees, a drone or male bee is produced. Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae, as well as adult queens. It is secreted from the glands in the hypo-pharynx of nurse bees while the worker bees are fed the bee bread. As a result of the difference in diet, the queen will develop into a sexually mature female, unlike the worker bees. Queens are raised in specially constructed queen cells.

The practice of beekeeping is called as apiculture. It is done to get honey and beeswax.

The quality and taste of honey depend on upon the flower visited by bees. This is turn depends on pasturage. As bees feed on the nectar produced by the flowers.

Apis mellifera is the scientific name of the Italian honey bee. It is used in honey production and is a good strain. This bee is found in North-West region of the Italian Alps and has been imported to various regions of the world for honey production. Thus the correct answer is option C.

The worker bees are the smaller, sterile female bees. They are called as nurse or housekeepers. They are involved in taking care of the hives and the young ones. They help in building the hives and protect the hives from the other animals. They help in pollination, collect the nectar and transfer the pollens between the flowers. 

• Apis mellifera is an Italian bee variety. It is the most common honey bee and called as a common or western honey bee because of the large production of honey. 
• Apis indica is the Indian honey bee. Apis dorseta is the giant honey bee and Apis florae are the dwarf honey bee of southeast Asia.
  
   Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Honey is a sweet food made by honeybees using nectar from flowers. The other main product of honey bees is beeswax. Hence, option A is correct.

Honey bees performs two type of dances for discovered food source. (1) Round dance is performed when a newly discovered food source is close to hive. (2) Tail wagging dance is performed for long distance source of food.

The mass emigration of bees in a swarm to settle down elsewhere in order to form a new hive is called swarming. The queen bee migrates with the worker bees to a new place. Thousands of bees are present in a single swarm and this takes place mostly in the spring season. Thus the correct answer is option  B.

• The queen bee is the only reproductive female in the beehive.
  
• Queens are developed from larvae selected by worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature.
• The characteristics of the queen bee are  It devoid of wings, It has the bright red body, Head, thorax and abdominal regions are not very much distinct.
• So, the correct answer is 'Queen bee'.

Apis indica, also known as the Indian honey bee, is the most commonly reared species in apiaries throughout India. It is well-adapted to tropical conditions and is managed for honey production and pollination. Apis dorsata is the rock bee (wild), Hirsadale is not a bee species (it's a sheep), and Bikaneri ewes are sheep.

Honey is naturally acidic due to the presence of various organic acids, such as gluconic acid, and has a typical pH ranging between 3.2 and 4.5.

The honey bees exhibit 2 types of dance, the round dance and the tail-wagging or waggle dance.

In honey bees, drones are produced from unfertilized eggs through a process called arrhenotoky. This results in the drones being haploid.

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction found most commonly in lower organisms and plants. It is shown by honeybee, where male honeybees (drones) are produced parthenogenetically from unfertilized eggs. The only function of drones is to fertilize the queen bee. Hence, option A is correct.

The round dance is performed by the worker bees when the food source is within a 50 metres of the hive. The bee runs one way in the circle, stops and then runs the other way. During the dance the worker bee passes a sample of the nectar to the other workers so they know the taste and smell of the source.

Drones are male honey bees which are the product of an unfertilized egg. Drones do not have stingers and do not participate in nectar and pollen gathering. A drone's primary role is to mate with a fertile queen. 

Bees visit flowers to collect nectar. With its long tongue, a honeybee extracts the nectar and stores it within its body until it returns to the hive. While inside the bee's body, the nectar combines with special enzymes that change its chemical properties so it becomes ready for extended storage. The honeybee regurgitates the nectar after returning to the hive, and another worker bee will deposit the nectar into a honeycomb. To change the nectar into honey, worker bees hasten the evaporation process by using their wings to fan air around the honeycomb. After the removal of nearly all of the water from the nectar, it becomes honey. At this point, the honeybees secrete a liquid over the honeycomb to seal it. This liquid hardens and becomes beeswax, which keeps moisture and air from reaching the honey.

Although most of the insects are not useful to us and mainly acts as a vector for many diseases like cockroach, houseflies, mosquitoes etc. There are some insects which are beneficial to man as well like honeybees which produces honey, wax etc. Lac insect (kerria lacca) is another helpful insects produces lac which is a natural protein fibre used in textile industry and cochineal insect is another helpful insect which produces red food dye. 

The queen bee is the most valued bee in the whole hive. A queen bee can live for 3-5 years. The main job of queen is to lay eggs. The queen mates only once with several male (drone) bees, and will remain fertile for life. She lays up to 2000 eggs per day. Hence, option A is correct.

Karl von Frisch studied ethology of animal behavior and decoded the bee language for which he received a noble price at the end of 1920's Karl von Frisch pointed out that when bees find nectar in a flower, they fly in a special pattern and perform a kind of dance that shows other bees in the vicinity where to find the nectar.

Nectar contains sugars like sucrose, glucose and fructose, whereas honey is majorly made of glucose and fructose

The worker bees are the smaller, sterile female bees. They are called as nurse or housekeepers. They are involved in taking care of the hives and the young ones. They help in building the hives and protect the hives from the other animals. They help in pollination, collect the nectar and transfer the pollens between the flowers. 

The queen bee is the most valued bee in the whole hive. The main job of queen is to lay eggs.  She can lay up to 2,000 per day. Hence, option C is correct.

Worker bees, which live only around 35 days in summer, make wax from about the 10th day of their lives to the 16th. When workers are roughly 10 days old, they develop special wax-producing glands in their abdomens. The glands convert the sugar in the honey into wax, which seeps through small pores in the bee’s body leaving tiny white flakes on its abdomen. These bits of wax are then chewed by the bees. The chewed wax is added to the construction of the honeycomb. Hence, option C is correct.

Commonly one queen is found to be present in each hive and feeds on royal jelly. She is the queen in real sense as the mother of the colony.

The honey bees exhibit 2 types of dance to communicate the location of food, the round dance and the tail-wagging or waggle dance.

Workers bee are the smallest castes. The life span of an adult worker bee varies with the time of the year. It takes about twenty one days in their development from egg to adult and when the colony is active in spring and summer, worker bee may live as long as 5-6 weeks. During the inactive period in winter a worker bee lives five months or more. Hence, option C is correct answer.

Honey is composed primarily of the sugars glucose and fructose; its third greatest component is water. It consists of fructose (45%) and glucose (32-37%) that is monosaccharides and because of glucose and fructose, they gets its sweetness. Hence, option A is correct.

The queen after fertilization lays fertilized and unfertilized eggs both. From unfertilized eggs male bees emerge which are known as drones.

The greatest value of the honey bee to man is in the pollination of flower. Another financial return is from the production of bee wax and honey.

1st statement is incorrect, as drones of the honey bee are haploid and not diplod. They develop parthenogenetically from unfertilized eggs. 

Apis indica is the most widely reared honey bee species in India. While Apis mellifera is also used, Apis indica is the traditional and most common choice.

The waggle dance is a special 'figure of eight' dance that is done by the honey bee in its hive. By this, a worker tells the others where it has found nectar. It is done to give other bees information about the direction and distance to flowers that have nectar or pollen or both.

A mixture of monosaccharids sugars and other carbohydrates, Honey is mainly fructose(about $38%$) and glucose(about $32%$), with remaining sugars including maltose, Sucrose and other complex carbohydrates. It's glycemic index ranges from $31$ to $8$, depending on the variety.

The lifespan of a worker bee varies by season, but during the active season, it is typically around 6 weeks, and in winter, it can extend to several months. 10 weeks is a reasonable estimate within the range of their lifespan.

Royal jelly is a secretion produced by the hypopharyngeal glands located in the heads of young nurse worker bees.

The chemical composition of royal jelly includes water, proteins, sugars, and lipids. 11.2% is the commonly cited value for the sugar content in standard entomology texts.

Bees have a different number of chromosomes. Females, workers and queens have 32, 16 are contributed by the queen's eggs and 16 come from the drones sperm. Since drones hatch from unfertilized eggs, they only have the 16 chromosomes that were in the egg. Drones are haploid because they only have one set of chromosomes.

The best known primary products of beekeeping are honey and wax, but pollen, propolis, royal jelly, venom, queens, bees and their larvae are also marketable primary bee products. Most of these products can be consumed as they are produced by the bees. There are additional uses where bee products are an ingredient of another product. 

A scout worker honey bee performs a waggle dance to convey the information to the rest of the hive about the food source. The direction the bee moves in relation to the hive. This indicates the direction of food with respect to direction of sun. If it moves vertically and upward, the source is directly towards the Sun. If it moves vertically and downward, the source of food is in opposite direction of sun. The duration of the tail wagging dance signifies the distance.

Four sets of wax glands, situated inside the last four ventral segments of the abdomen, produce wax for comb construction. Wax bees build cells from wax, repair old cells, and store nectar and pollen brought in by other workers. Early in the worker bee's career, she will exude wax from the space between several of her abdominal segments. 

The crop also called as honey stomach or honey sack is a specialized part of foregut. It is similar to distensible sack. The main function of the crop is transport and storage of liquid food (water, nectar and honeydew). Another function of crop is uptake of water from its lumen. 

Honey bee queen control the sex of their offspring as eggs pass through the ovary into the oviduct, a queen can determine whether a particular egg is fertilized or not. Unfertilized eggs become drone honey bees, while fertilized eggs develop into female workers and queens. Female workers do not mate, but they can lay infertile eggs, which in turn become male honey bees.

Propolis or bee glue is a resinous mixture that honey bees collect from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. It is used for sealing unwanted open spaces in the hive. Propolis is used for small gaps while larger spaces are usually filled with beeswax. Propolis is sticky at and above room temperature, 20$^o$C (68$^o$F). At lower temperatures, it becomes hard and very brittle.

Honey is made using the nectar of flowering plants and is saved inside the beehive for eating during times of scarcity. Nectar is extracted from flowers using a bee's long, tube-shaped tongue and stored in its extra stomach, or crop. While in the crop, the nectar mixes with enzymes that transform its chemical composition and pH, making it more suitable for long-term storage.

The honey bees exhibit 2 types of dance to communicate the location of food - the round dance and the tail-wagging or waggle dance.

A worker bee is any female bee that lacks the full reproductive capacity of the colony's queen bee. They are smaller, their abdomens are shorter, and on their hind legs they possess pollen baskets, which are used to carry pollen back from the field. The life span of worker bee is six weeks during the colony's active season. However, worker bees live longer (four to eight months) during the less active winter months.

If the new source of food is farther from the hive than 75-100 meters,
the returned scout performs a dance which follows a figure-eight
course while the abdomen is being wagged or laterally vibrated (upright down tail waving dance). The
dancer's speed is a function of the nearness of the supply. In a quarter
minute she executes 9 to 10 full figures if she has flown in from only 100
meters. 

Levulose is a simple sugarfound in honey and in many ripe fruits. Its a sirupy variety of sugar, rarely obtained in crystallized form present widely in honey.

Honey is mainly consists of fructose (about 38-55%) and glucose (about 31%), with remaining sugars including maltose, sucrose and other complex carbohydrates. Maltose, sucrose and other sugars accounts for 8.81%.

A- Recombinant DNA technology is utilized to alter a known DNA sequence from one organism and introduce it into another organism by modifying the genotype. Genetic recombination permits new genetic combinations accelerating the genetic diversity in a particular population thereby, leading to the loss & expression of the relevant genes. Genetic recombination results in the evolution in response to the changes in the environment.

Honey bees like insects communicate through chemicals and
odors. Besides these they also use specific behaviors such
as dances to convey information about the availability and type of
resources in the environment, and the location of the same. The dancing scout bee's body generally points in the direction of the food source and the sound produced during the dance indicates the profitability and availability of food. Hence, the scout bee uses acoustic stimuli to communicate the location and source of food to other worker bees.

Honey is mainly consists of fructose (about 38-55%) and glucose (about 31%), with remaining sugars including maltose, sucrose, and other complex carbohydrates. Maltose, sucrose and other sugars accounts for 8.8%. Hence, option B is correct.

Karl von Frisch of Germany was awarded Nobel prize in 1973 for his discovery in the field of organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour pattern in bees. He showed that honey bees use a dance language to communicate food locations to other bees. He found two types of dance - round and waggle dance. Hence, option A is correct.

Propolis, a secondary but equally virtuous beehive product, is a component of honey secreted by honey bee itself and bee wax is real product of honey bees. 

The stinging apparatus of the honey bee is a modified ovipositor (egg laying tube) that all bees and wasps have. In some bees and wasps, the ovipositor is nothing more than a simple egg-laying tube designed to get eggs into hard to reach nooks, while in others it is stiffened to allow holes to be made in wood or penetrate the bodies of other insects in order to lay eggs. As the stinger is a modified egg laying tube, only the female bees posses a sting. 

In a bee colony, fertilized eggs develop into females (queens or workers), not just sterile females. The queen is a fertile female.

Worker bees are female bees that have underdeveloped reproductive organs, making them sterile under normal colony conditions.

Karl von Frisch was a Nobel Prize-winning ethologist who famously decoded the 'waggle dance' used by honey bees to communicate the location of food sources.

The queen copulates during her nuptial flight and stores sperm in her spermatheca to last her lifetime. She can control whether to fertilize an egg (producing a female) or not (producing a male). Both statements are true, and the ability to lay both types of eggs is the reason she only needs to mate once.

Drones are typically present in the colony during the mating season and are often expelled or die after mating or when resources become scarce, usually living for 1-2 months.

1st statement is incorrect as Apis dorsata laboriosa and not Apis indica, the Himalayan honey bee, is the world's largest honey bee.

'An' as house chasing honey bees additionally called as working drones as per the section essential capacity is to watch the home, which incorporates creating inhibitory flags or stop signals while experiencing hazardous conditions or life forms or assaults by different predators.