Bioenergy - class-IX

In many developing regions, fuel wood remains the most common and accessible source of bioenergy for cooking and heating.

Several plant families, including Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Asclepiadaceae, contain species that produce latex or oils which can be processed into biofuels.

This is a specific statistical estimate often cited in environmental science textbooks regarding average daily fuel wood consumption per person in certain rural contexts.

The amount of alcohol production per hectare of given crop is:

Potato - 396 gallons

Sugarcane - 662 gallons

Sugarbeet - 714 gallons

Tapioca - 410 gallons

Hence, maximum alcohol production is by sugarbeet.

So, the correct answer is 'Sugarbeet'.

Jatropha curcas is widely recognized as a primary source for biodiesel production due to the high oil content in its seeds.

Plants in the Asclepiadaceae family are known to produce latex that can be converted into hydrocarbon-based fuels, serving as an alternative to liquid fossil fuels.

Oil, coal & natural gas comes under the category of fossil fuels which is non-renewable source of energy.

Latex, particularly from plants like Hevea brasiliensis and certain members of Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadaceae, contains complex hydrocarbon chains similar to petroleum hydrocarbons, which has sparked interest in petrocrops.

Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen. It is used as an industrial fuel, for heating, and in certain types of internal combustion engines, making all the listed options correct.

Biofuels are the substances which are of biological origin and can be used as a source of energy. Jatropha has been used as a biofuel in India. The seeds of Jatropha contain an inedible oil which can be converted to biodiesel. The seed cake (residue left extraction of oil from seeds) can be used as fertilizer or food for cattle. The biodiesel of Jatropha oil emits 80% less carbon dioxide on burning than other fuels. So, the correct answer is 'Jatropha'.

L.P.G. stands for liquified petroleum gas which is prepared by compressing natural gas and is derived from fossil fuel sources. 

Jatropha curcas is widely cultivated as a source of oil that can be processed into biodiesel. It is not primarily a food, fibre, or biopetrol crop.

Dalbergia (such as Dalbergia sissoo) is highly valued for its timber and is generally considered a premium wood rather than a bad firewood. However, in the context of specific biology curricula, it is often cited as poor fuel compared to others due to its high value as timber.

Zea mays (maize) is a starch-rich crop commonly used for the industrial production of bioethanol through fermentation. Jatropha and Pongamia are oil-bearing crops used for biodiesel.

Conventional source of energy is a type of source which is limited in nature like coal, gas, fuel, minerals etc. they take millions of years to replenish. 

1.  CNG produces 45% fewer hydrocarbons than gasoline.
   
2. Unleaded petrol doesn't produce lead in the atmosphere.
   
3. Catalytic converter reduces emissions of three harmful compounds found in car exhaust which are
   

Green fuel, also known as Green Petrol, is a type of fuel distilled from plants and animal materials, believed by some to be more environmentally friendly than the widely-used fossil fuels that power most of the world. It contains low amount of sulphur. So the above selected option is correct 

Petrol is short term for "refined petroleum or distillate petroleum" In American English, it is called "Gasoline" which is commonly shortened for"gas". It has become popular as the trade name of petrol in the U.S. While UK and India or its part thereof it is called petrol ( British English). 

Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.

If petrol is not there for use, we will be using alternative methods like CNG etc , but they are also limited . So there will be decrease in vehicle use.

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

Fossil fuels are energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals buried under high pressure and temperature over millions of years. Petroleum is a specific type of fossil fuel, not the general term for all such materials.

• Conventional sources of energy are generally non-renewable sources of energy as the accumulation or creation of conventional sources of energy takes years, once they are exploited or consumed. 
• Fossil fuels are an example of conventional resources. Petrol, diesel, coal, natural gas, etc are examples of fossil fuels that are obtained by the microbial action on the dead matter for a long time. 
• They are used as a source of fuel and energy from ancient times and it takes years to form once they are exploited.
  
  

LPG is liquified petroleum gas. Natural gas is also a fossil fuel. Fossil fuel are non-renewable conventional energy resources found inside the Earth's crust.

Gasification of coal, use of CNG, and use of gasohol are all methods to either extend the life of fossil fuel reserves or reduce the environmental impact of their consumption, thus serving as measures for their protection or sustainable use.

The resources which can be replenished again after their consumption are referred to as the renewable sources of energy.  Water is considered as the renewable form of energy. The water reserves can be replenished by the rainfall. Forests are the renewable resource which can be replenished by afforestation. The soil can be replenished by the weathering of the rocks. The petrol is available in limited stocks by the activity of the microbes on the dead matter under the soil.

Fossil fuels are the hydrocarbon compounds formed due to the microbial activity on the dead plants and animals. There are different materials which can be referred as the fossil fuels. The coal, natural gas, oil, petrol, diesel are all the components which are obtained from the Earth. These are used as fossil fuels for the production of energy.

Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment and vehicles. 

The products which are obtained from the forests include the wood, gum, resins, tannins, sealing wax, etc. The plywood is the sheet of the wood which is used for furniture and house construction. The sealing wax is obtained from the bugs which live on trees. The gum is obtained from the secretions of the trees. The kerosene is not a forest product which is obtained from the distillation of the fuel from the ground. 

In India, natural gas reserves are relatively limited and are being consumed rapidly due to increasing industrial and domestic demand, making them a rapidly depleting resource compared to coal.

Transesterification is the process of converting vegetable oil, waste cooking oil and animal fats to biodiesel. In this process glyceride reacts with an alcohol to form fatty acid alkyl esters and alcohol.

Biodiesel is produced from jatropha oil. Jatropha is used because it is not edible therefore, it will not create problems for humans in terms of food shortage. It also has the ability to withstand drought, naturally, repel pests, and grow in subprime soil and combat soil erosion. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Bioalcohol, green diesel, and bioethers are all modern types of biofuels derived from biomass sources. Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from ancient organic remains, making it the odd one out among renewable biofuel options.

Gasification is an efficient means of converting low value fuels and residuals into a synthesis gas (or syngas). Syngas is used to produce power, steam, hydrogen, and basic chemicals such as methanol and ammonia.

Energy plantation means growing selected species  of  trees and shrubs which are  harvestable in a comparably  shorter time and are  specifically meant for fuel. The fuel wood may be used either directly in wood burning stoves and boilers or processed into methanol, ethanol and producer gas. These plantations help provide wood either for cooking in homes or for industrial use, so as to satisfy local  energy  needs in a decentralized manner.

Two major types of biofuels are bioethanol and biodiesel. The former is produced from crops like maize, sugarcane, wheat, sorghum, sugar beet, potato, and the latter from oil-seeds like rapeseed, soybean, palm and  Jatropha curcas. Among the biodiesel-yielding plants,  Jatropha curcas  has attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of the positive energy balance of its oil and its ability to grow in a annual rainfall ranging from 250-3000 mm.

The government of India has mandated blending of 5% of ethanol in petrol in order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and also to reduce the import burden on account of crude petroleum from which petrol is produced. The practice of blending ethanol in petrol started in 2001 and as ethanol is a by-product of sugar industry and is expected to be procured at low rates. further, it reduces the petroleum use in transportation and greenhouse gas emissions.

Dalbergia latifolia is an economically important timber species native to low elevation tropical monsoon forests of eastern India. Some common names in English are blackwood, bombay blackwood. Wood from Dalbergia latifolia tree is used in premium furniture making and cabinetry, as veneer, as plywood, for outdoor furniture.

Dalbergia sissoo is a highly valued hardwood timber species, providing an additional income source in agroforestry systems, mostly in India and Pakistan. The establishment of D. sissoo plantations for wood production can be an attractive proposition in economic terms. Most plantations are managed primarily for timber, with fuelwood as a secondary product. For fuelwood production in short rotations, several other species may give higher financial returns.

Jatropha is a member of the euphorbia family. One of its great selling points as a biofuel is the fact that growing it need not compete with the cultivation of food. The selling point as a bioenergy crop is that it grows in marginal, eroded land, and is resistant to drought. 

Petrocrops are specific plants that produce hydrocarbons similar to petroleum, which can be extracted and refined into fuel. They are not related to the formation of ancient crude oil.

• Bryophytes are group of non vascular land plants including hornworts, liverworts and mosses. Peat is a fuel which is produced from dried bryophytes, typically sphagnum. Enormous deposits of peat is accumulated which is later converted into coal.
  
• Hence coal has been mainly formed by bryophytes.
• So,the correct answer is 'Bryophytes'.

Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. As a fuel it may include wood, straw, manure, sugarcane, and many other byproducts from a variety of agricultural processes.

As LPG gas is a fossil fuel, it comes from oil and gas wells. It is obtained by the refining of oil.

• The domestic cooking gas cylinder contains Liquid petroleum gas.
• Its composition is propane or butane or a mixture of both, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
• So, the correct answer is 'Liquid petroleum gas'.

Gasoline or petrol is a derivative product of petroleum distillation. The ethanol or ethyl alcohol is produced from fermentation and distillation of grains e.g., corn, barley, wheat. When gasoline is blended with ethanol it becomes Gasohol, the percentage is 90 and 10 respectively. It was first used in Nebraska 1940. It is used as an alternative fuel. Hence the first use of Gasohol was in the 1940s.

• Alcohol(ethanol) is mixed with petrol because It enhances the octane contents in the fuel and hence acts as an anti-knocking agent(reduces knocking of the engines). 
• Ethanol, when mixed with petrol, reduces the emissions from the vehicles.
• The Amount of alcohol allowed to be mixed with petrol in India is 5%.
• So, the correct answer is '5%'.

Amount of ethanol that can be added in petrol and used in conventional gasoline engines is about 5% to 10%. This is done because ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source. At many gas stations, E10 ethanol is widely used. It is a mixture of 10% ethanol with 90% gasoline.  

• Fuelwood is a fuel, such as firewood, charcoal, chips, sheets, pellets, and sawdust.
• Fuelwood can is used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. It can also be used indoors in a furnace, stove, or fireplace, or outdoors in furnace, campfire, or bonfire.
  
• In India, Fuelwood demand is about 300 million m3.
• So, the correct answer is '300 million m3'.

Uranium is not a fossil fuel. It is a radioactive mineral used in nuclear reactors. Coal, natural gas, and petroleum are all fossil fuels formed from decomposed ancient organic matter. The question has a typo (fossil fue;) but the meaning is clear.

•  The most common grains that are used to produce ethanol are corn, barley and wheat. Ethanol is also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol.
• It is usually blended with gasoline to create a fuel called gasohol. 
• Brazil is the number one country in the production of gasohol through biotechnology.
• Hence, Number one country in the production of gasohol through biotechnology in Brazil.
• So, the correct answer is 'Brazil'.

Benzene is a known human carcinogen often found in petrol to increase the octane rating. Unleaded petrol contains aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene.

Fossil fuels are defined as energy sources derived from the remains of ancient organic materials (plants and animals) that have undergone geological processes.

Jatropha curcas is native to the tropical regions of the Americas, specifically Central America and Mexico.

Dr. M. Calvin of the University of California reported for the first time the collection and use of photosynthetically produced hydrocarbons from the plants . Furthermore, he suggested it as a substitute for conventional petroleum sources.

Pongamia pinnata (also known as Millettia pinnata) is a well-known legume tree whose seeds are rich in oil, making it a primary candidate for biodiesel production alongside Jatropha.

Organic matter that is obtained from living or dead organisms is called as biomass. Biomass energy is a renewable energy source. Coal, heat energy, and thermal energy are all fossil fuels while biomass is a source of energy available from organic matter like plant and animal wastes.

Euphorbia lathyris is a plant known for producing latex that contains hydrocarbons, which can be converted into fuel, earning it the classification of a petroleum plant.

A- A fuel mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% petrol is known as gasohol or E10. It can be used in most modern automobiles and is also cost effective.

Euphorbiaceae serve as the petroplants. Dr. M. Calvin (1979) was the first to collect the hydrocarbons from plants of Euphorbiaceae. He suggested that these can be the renewable substitute for the conventional petroleum sources. Latex of Euphorbia lathyrus contains fairly high percentage of terpenoids. These can be converted into high grade transportation fuel. 

A) Opuntia Ficus-indica can produce oils in vegetative tissues for biofuel production.

B) Ziziphus mauritiana's seed oil meets all the major biodiesel requirements.

C) Pongamia pinata's seed oil can also be used as a biodiesel.

D) Jatropha curcas fruit is capable of producing biodiesel.

So, the correct answer is 'Jatropha'.

Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage than conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas, rather than a liquid like gasoline, CNG takes up more space for each GGE (gasoline gallon equivalent). However, the tanks used to store the CNG take up space in the trunk of a car or bed of a pickup truck which has been modified to additionally run on CNG. This problem is solved in factory-built CNG vehicles that install the tanks under the body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free (e.g.,  Volkswagen) which sold in countries such as Peru). Another option is installed on the roof (typical on buses), but this could require structural modifications.

Fossil fuels are non renewable conventional energy resources found inside earth's crust, where they have been formed through heat and compression on forests and other organic matter buried underneath due to earthquakes, landslides etc.

Wood gas is a syngas produced by gasification of biomass, which is primarily used as a fuel for internal combustion engines or heating.

Biodiesel is a type of fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. It is biodegradable and produces fewer air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Glycerin is a major byproduct in the process of biodiesel manufacturing.  This crude glycerine can be refined into a pure form and then be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Brazil has a long-standing program using ethanol (derived from sugarcane) mixed with gasoline to power vehicles, which is a common practice in their automotive industry.

Fossil fuel can be conserved by recycling waste, opting alternative sources like solar power that do not contribute to pollution. Because fossil fuel are non-renewable. So, it is important that we should protect them.

There are different steps which can be taken for saving the resources which are used as fuel. Bicycles and use of public transport help to reduce the consumption of fuel like the diesel and petrol. When the water is drawn from wells, this can be performed with hands and the pulley system, without the use of the motor in which there is consumption of fuel. Using the cell phones is not one of the methods which help in saving fuel because it needs electricity to get charged and functional.