Fertilizers and manures

Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganism and used as fertilizers because it contains nutrients such as nitrogen, that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Manure helps in enriching the soil with nutrients and organic matter and increasing soil fertility.

Fertilizers are chemically synthesized substances which are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. They have a rapid response on application. Overuse of fertilizers can cause negative effects like decreased soil fertility, bioaccumulation etc.Although, it is very advantageous as they are nutrient specific and are required in small amounts, they are water soluble and absorbed by the plant easily and are easy to store and transport.

Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganism and used as fertilizers. Disadvantages of a manure are that they have less amount of nutrients as compared to fertilizers, manures are bulky and not easy to store and transport.

Fertilizers, chemically synthesized substances which are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. These artificially used substances are used in very small amount but have a rapid response. But, overuse of fertilizers can cause negative effects such as decreased soil fertility. 

Fertilisers, chemically synthesized substances which are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. Fertilizers supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are artificially made but have a rapid response. Overuse of fertilisers can cause negative effects like loose soil fertility. 

Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganism and used as fertilizers. Advantages of manure are that it is cheap, it reduce soil erosion, it increases soil fertility, water holding capacity and aeration.

For more production of crops and to get more benefits from that farmer should use best quality seeds, proper irrigation, use of fertilizer for better supplement of food and best crop protection. These conditions helps in large crop production at the same time. 

Manual composting (or vermicomposting) is a cost-effective waste management method that produces high-quality manure, which can be sold to offset operational costs.

Secondary treatment of sewage produces sludge, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients. This leftover material is processed and used as manure to improve soil fertility.

• Fertilizers, chemically synthesized substances that are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. 
• They are artificially made but have a rapid response. It is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. So, the statement given by Shikha is correct.
• Fertilizers have a low capacity for holding water and nutrients. So, the statement given by Ritesh is incorrect.
• The excessive use of fertilizers causes damage to the plants. So, the statement given by Abhishek is incorrect.

Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are required for the growth of plants in more amounts. These nutrients are absorbed in the form of salts from the soil. However, when the supply from soil is inadequate they are added as fertilizers. Iron is obtained from the soil in sufficient amounts as per the requirement of the plants. So, they are generally not added as the fertilizers. However, there are iron fertilizers which can be added when the soil is deficient in iron. 

• Composted manure is produced from rotten vegetables and animal fecal refuse. 
• In this process, green wastes are collected and dumped in an area and microorganisms like bacteria and fungi degrade them into humus. 
• This process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. 
• It acts as a good and natural fertilizer for plants.

• The fertilizers are the rich source of nitrogen and phosphorous used for the growth of plants.
•  When the fertilizers are introduced in the pond, these nutrients increase the fertility of the pond. 
• The phytoplanktons are the autotrophic organisms in the aquatic environment that utilize these nutrients and increase in the number. 

• Rhizobium is the symbiotic soil bacteria that fix nitrogen in leguminous plants. They form a symbiotic relationship with legume and resides in the root nodules of legumes. 
• They cannot independently fix nitrogen. 

Manure is organic and provides nutrients slowly, often leading to a more gradual increase in crop productivity compared to chemical fertilizers. Fertilizers are typically designed for more rapid and significant yield increases.

• Fertilizers, chemically synthesized substances that are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. 
• They are artificially made but have a rapid response. The overuse of fertilizers can cause negative effects like loose soil fertility.

• Fertilizers, the chemically synthesized substances which are very rich in the plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.
• Nitrogen (N) required for the leaf growth 
• Phosphorus (P) required for the development of roots, flowers, seeds, and fruit 
• Potassium (K) required for strong stem growth, movement of water in plants, promotion of flowering and fruiting. 

Animal manure is organic matter, which is used as a fertilizer in agriculture. The manure gets contaminated only when micro-organisms attack. Animal manure can improve the soil aggregation so that the soil becomes more fertile. Horse manure is mostly used in agriculture apart from the horse manure cattle manures like cow dung, sheep manure.

• Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganisms and used as fertilizers. Fresh manure has microbes in it, that may be dangerous. It should not be applied to edible crops that will soon be harvested. Instead of fresh manure aged or old manure should be applied to the edible crops.

• Compost is a nutrient-rich organic substance produced by the decomposition of remnants wastes like dung or bedding. It is used in gardens, agriculture as a fertilizer.

Manure is used as an organic fertiliser for the better growth of plants. Manure supply nutrients required for the plant growth. It also, improve the fertility of the soil. Horse manure is mainly used as fertilisers in many agricultural fields.

• The increased use of nitrogen fertilizer, adds to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere, in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) through the nitrogen cycle. 
• It is the third most important greenhouse gas following carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouses gases, including nitrous oxide, causes global warming by absorbing the solar energy in the atmosphere and global warming leads to the stratospheric ozone depletion. 

Fertilizer is a natural or an artificial material that is used in agriculture to grow the crops. Fertilizers are mixed with soils for the better growing of crops and to supply minerals and nutrients to plants. Fertilisers may be organic and inorganic. Fertilisers are mainly made up of horse manure and cow dung.

Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganism and used as fertilizers because it contains nutrients such as nitrogen, that are trapped by bacteria in the soil. Manure contains large quantities of organic matter and also supplies small quantities of nutrients to the soil.

Fertilizers provide essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are necessary for overall plant health, vegetative growth, and reproductive development.

Fertilisers, chemically synthesized substances which are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. They are artificially made but have a rapid response. Fertilizers are any solid, liquid or gaseous substances that are applied to the soil, directly on the plant (foliage) or added to aqueous solutions (as in fertigation) to maintain soil fertility, improve crop development, yield and/or crop quality. Sometimes fertilizers get washed away due to excessive irrigation and are not fully absorbed by the plants. Overuse of fertilisers can cause negative effects like loose soil fertility, bioaccumulation etc.

Fertilisers, chemically synthesized substances which are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. They are artificially made but have a rapid response. Overuse of fertilisers can cause negative effects like loose soil fertility, bioaccumulation etc. Fertilizers should be applied carefully in terms of proper dose, time, and observing pre and post-application precautions for their complete utilisation.

Organic manure or organic fertilizer is made up of organic biodegradable waste like animal excreta and agriculture wastes. As it biodegradable it cannot harm the environment and increase the soil fertility it is better than chemical fertilizer. But chemical fertilizers are nutrient specific and prepared in chemical factories. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Green manure and biofertilizers maintain and improve soil fertility. Green manure is prepared by the waste leaf from the plants. The waste leaf of the plant is mainly dumped in the soil which is further decomposed by bacteria of the soil.

Pesticides and fertilizers are the chemically synthesized compound used for agriculture purpose. The use of pesticides and fertilizers over a long period of time can destroy soil fertility or soil structure by killing the soil microorganism that recycles nutrients in the soil as they are artificial chemical compounds. It also kills earthworms which are instrumental in making rich humus.

Fertilizers and pesticides are composed of chemical components. These chemicals are harmful to the soil and the environment. These fertilizers and pesticides if put in excess degrades the soil fertility and quality by destroying its natural properties. The chemicals from the fertilizers and insecticides make the soil acidic in nature which leads the soil to lose its fertility to become dry and barren. These chemicals also harm the natural soil tillers, decomposers and the organisms that naturally enhance the soil quality and fertility. Therefore adversely affecting the useful components of soil by depleting the natural nutrient of the soil like nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous, etc. Fertilizers cannot be eco-friendly as it harms the soil, water, and environment, unlike biofertilizers which are organic in nature and are eco-friendly too.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

• Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of the microorganism. 
• Organic manure contains a few nutrients. It enhances the water holding capacity of soil. 
• This makes more water available to plants. It has a balance of all plant nutrients. It provides humus (organic matter ) to soil. 

Composting converts organic solid waste into nutrient-rich manure through microbial decomposition. This process recycles waste materials into valuable soil amendments that improve soil structure and fertility. The question contains a typo ('compositing' should be 'composting').

Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganism and used as fertilizers. Thus, the fresh manure contains decomposing bacteria along with active digestive enzymes. These enzymes contribute to the faster heating of the manure which accelerates the decomposition of organic materials by the soil microorganisms. The end result of better decomposition of organic material is faster nutrient release to the plant. When urea is placed on the surface of the soil, a chemical reaction takes place that changes the urea to ammonium bicarbonate. Urea should be mixed in with the soil for maximum effectiveness. For plants that love acidic soils, urea is one of the top fertilizers for acidifying soils. Hence, seeds will grow most in pots B and C.

Crop rotation helps the farmers to maintain the fertility of the fields by growing alternate crops. A particular crop with one type of nutrient sown in one season restricts the cultivator to sow the other crop with another type of nutrient  in the next season, which is most beneficial for the field e.g., gram is nitrogen rich crop and rice is sugar rich crop, so, their alternate cropping can give different nutrients to the field and thus, reduces the use of chemical fertilizers.

The rice paddy field contains the Azolla weeds with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria which can help in the conversion of the atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates. This nitrate can be used for the growth of the plants without the introduction of nitrogenous manures externally. These organisms help increase the yield of the rice plants. 

• Azotobacter, Azolla, Mycorrhiza, and Nostoc are manure yielding biofertilizers. Biofertilizers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biofertilizers are bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria.
• Azotobacter is bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen while free-living in the soil, thus enriching the nitrogen content of the soil.
• Azolla is a water fern. It lives in a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacteria Anabaena azollae which fixes nitrogen. It is used as an excellent fertilizer in the rice field.
• Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship of fungi with roots of higher plants. The fungal symbiont absorbs phosphorus from soil and passes it to plants. Plants having such associations show resistance to root borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought, and an overall increase in plant growth and development.
• Nostoc is a cyanobacterium. It can fix atmospheric nitrogen. It also adds organic matter to the soil and increases its fertility. 

Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganism and used as fertilizers. Farmyard manure, compost and green manure are the most important and widely used bulky organic manures. Farmyard manure is the decomposed mixture of excreta of farm animals along with litter and leftover material from fodder fed to the cattle. Green manure and compost are the decomposed substance of crop. It is helpful in maintaining soil form, aeration and hydration. 

• Aerial application, or crop dusting, involves spraying crops with crop protection products from an agricultural aircraft. Agricultural aircraft are highly specialized and used for the application of agricultural materials.
•  It was used by John Chaytor in 1906 to spread seed over a swamped valley floor in Wairoa, New Zealand. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
  

Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganism and used as fertilizers. Thus, the fresh manure contains decomposing bacteria along with active digestive enzymes. These enzymes contribute to the faster heating of the manure which accelerates the decomposition of organic materials by the soil microorganisms. Manure generates heat as it decomposes, and it is possible for manure to ignite spontaneously if stored in a very large pile. 

• Fertilizer can cause burn in the plants when too much fertilizer is applied. It is a chemical compound that can dry out the leaves and damage or even cause the death of the plant. 
• Fertilizers vary in their tendency to burn roughly in accordance with their salt index. 

• Manure is an organic substance produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes in the presence of microorganisms and thus, produces an unpleasant odor. 
• To prevent such odor they are usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil. Manure from pig and cattle is usually spread on fields using a manure spreader. 

• Fertilizers, chemically synthesized substances that are rich in plant nutrients such as NPK. They are artificially made but have a rapid response. Overuse of fertilizers can cause negative effects such as decreased soil fertility.
• Fertilizers are classified according to whether they provide a single nutrient (say, N, P, or K), in which case they are classified as straight fertilizers. Multinutrient fertilizers (or complex fertilizers) provide two or more nutrients e.g., N and P. 
• Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic and organic on the basis of molecular structure. Organic fertilizers are derived from plant or animal sources, whereas inorganic fertilizers contain minerals and synthetic chemicals.
• Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Bulky organic manure contains large quantities of organic matter and small quantities of nutrients. It increases the water holding capacity of sandy soil. This makes more water available to plants. It prevents the environment pollution, because it recycles the animal excretory waste. Therefore, option B is correct. 

Cajanus cajan, commonly known as pigeon pea, is a legume. Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules, allowing them to thrive in nitrogen-deficient soils.

Complex fertilizers (also known as compound fertlizers) are made from mixing two or more of macro-nutrient type fertilizers. They may also be further blended with elements that provide some of the less-common plant nutrients (known as secondary or trace nutrients, such as sulfur, calcium and magnesium).

NPK stands for Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium as this abbreviation has three letters representing the names of the respective elements. It is used as a fertilizer.

• Urea is also known as nitrogen fertilizer as it contains 46% nitrogen. It is a white crystalline solid powder used in agriculture as a fertilizer to improve the crop yield. 

There are different forms of phosphatic fertilizers. There are citrate soluble and insoluble forms of phosphoric fertilizers. rock phosphate and bone meal are the common examples of phosphatic fertilizers. These fertilizers contain the insoluble form of citric acid and does not dissolves in the water.

Potassium nitrate is one of the common fertilizer which is used for the growth of the plants. Potassium nitrate contains about 13% of nitrogen. There is about 44% of potassium in oxide form. The addition of this fertilizer generally results in an increase in the pH. This fertilizer readily supplies nitrogen to the soil which can be taken up by the plants. 

There are different forms of fertilizers which are used for supplying phosphorus. Superphosphate is the common synthetic form of fertilizer which is used for enriching the soil with phosphate. About 50 kg of superphosphate adds 8% of phosphorus to the soil. Triple phosphate can also be used for adding phosphate to the soil. 

The three numbers on fertilizer represent the value of the three macro-nutrients used by plants. These macro-nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) or NPK for short. NPK fertilizer is a complex fertilizer comprised primarily of the three primary nutrients required for healthy plant growth. Nitrogen is essential for green plant growth and enables plants to manufacture food from sunlight through photosynthesis. Phosphorus aids the plant in the earliest stages of development and facilitates the reproductive fruiting process. Potassium boosts plant vigour and disease and stress resistance.

The three primary plant macronutrients are Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). Oxygen (O) is obtained by plants from the air and water, not typically added as a fertilizer macronutrient.

Fish meal is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium. It is commonly used as an organic fertilizer to provide essential nutrients to plants.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) are the major source available in fertilizers. The most common synthetic fertilizers used in India are super phosphate, urea, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and NPK fertilizers. 

Guano is the accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats. As a manure, guano is a highly effective fertilizer due to its exceptionally high content of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium: nutrients essential for plant growth.Seabird guano consists of nitrogen-rich ammonium nitrate and urate, phosphates, as well as some earth salts and impurities. Bat guano is faecal excrement from bats. Commercially harvested bat guano is used as an organic fertilizer. All commercially sold bat guano is derived from insect-eating bats.