Indian History: From Ancient Civilizations to Independence

Nationalism is the ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, and pride in one's nation, often prioritizing the interests of one's country above others.

Nathuram Godse was a Hindu nationalist who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948, in New Delhi.

The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, was a major act of nonviolent civil disobedience in 1930 where thousands were arrested for protesting the British salt tax.

The title 'Mahatma' is derived from Sanskrit and translates to 'Great Soul,' a name given to Gandhi by Rabindranath Tagore.

Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders, or commands of a government, usually as a form of nonviolent protest.

Gandhi's first major acts of civil disobedience occurred in South Africa, where he protested discriminatory laws, including the requirement for Indians to carry registration certificates (passports/passes).

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, where British troops fired on a peaceful crowd, was a turning point that convinced Gandhi that the British Empire could not be reformed and that India needed full independence.

Gandhi lived in South Africa for over 20 years, where he first developed his philosophy of Satyagraha and engaged in social activism against racial discrimination.

Gandhi's core philosophy was Satyagraha, or truth-force, which relied on nonviolent civil disobedience as the most effective and moral way to achieve political change.

Gandhi studied law in London and worked as a lawyer in South Africa before returning to India to lead the independence movement.

Lord Mountbatten served as the last Viceroy of India and the first Governor-General of independent India, overseeing the transition of power in 1947.

The British Raj refers to the period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent, which began after the 1857 rebellion and lasted until independence in 1947.

The Ashoka Chakra, a wheel representing the eternal wheel of law, is featured on the national flag of India and serves as a symbol of peace and progress.

Civil disobedience involves the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws or demands of a government or authority, typically done peacefully. Option A is a mild form of non-compliance, whereas the others involve physical violence.